Venous Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.

Severe proteinuria (greater than 3.5 g/day) is characteristically seen in patients with glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, lipoid nephrosis, and severe venous congestion of the kidney. Moderate proteinuria (0.5-3.5g/day) is seen in nephrosclerosis, multiple myeloma, diabetes nephropathy, malignant hypertension, and pyelonephritis with hypertension. Mild proteinuria (less than 0.5 g/day) may be seen with polycystic kidneys, chronic pyelonephritis, benign orthostatic proteinuria, and some renal tubular diseases. Transient proteinuria can also be due to physiologic conditions such as stress, exercise, cold exposure, and fever, in the absence of renal disease.

The specimen of choice for coagulation testing is plasma. Venous blood is drawn into a 3.2% buffered sodium citrate tube (blue top tube), yielding a whole blood sample with a 9:1 blood to anticoagulant ratio. Inadequate filling of the collection tube will decrease this ratio, and may affect test results. A blue top tube used for coagulation testing should be drawn before any other tubes containing additives. This includes tubes containing other anticoagulants and/or plastic serum tubes containing clot activators. A serum tube that does not contain an additive can be collected before the blue top tube. If a winged blood collection set is used in drawing a specimen for coagulation testing, a discard tube should be drawn first. The discard tube must be used to fill the blood collection tubing dead space to assure that the proper anticoagulant/blood ratio is maintained, but the discard tube does not need to be completely filled. The discard tube should be a nonadditive or a coagulation tube. If a blood specimen used for coagulation testing must be collected from an indwelling line that may contain heparin, the line should be flushed with 5 mL of saline, and the first 5 mL of blood or 6-times the line volume (dead space volume of the catheter) be drawn off and discarded before the coagulation tube is filled.

Anticoagulant therapy is employed in a number of clinical situations Some of these clinical situations include: After an episode of thrombosis, such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the veins of the legs, to prevent reoccurrence. Prophylactically after some surgeries, especially those involving vascular repair such as coronary bypass surgery to prevent clots from blocking newly formed vasculature. In heart valve and chamber disorders where there is an increased risk of thrombosis occurring.

Within the hematopoietic cords each cell line has a specific location for development. Erythroid precursors are located near a venous sinusoid and cluster around a macrophage. This is referred to as an erythroblastic island. Developing red cells obtain iron needed for hemoglobin production from macrophages. Megakaryocytes are also located close to a venous sinus. They extend their cytoplasm in fingerlike projections through the sinus wall in order to release their platelets directly into the blood in the sinus. Immature granulocytes lie within the hematopoietic cords. The metamyelocyte stage is the first stage of the granulocyte series that is motile and able to move toward the sinus area. Mature neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils enter the sinusoidal blood through the basement membrane. As maturing erythrocytes also move toward the sinus wall any remaining nuclei are lost as the red cells move through small openings in the cells lining the sinus wall.

Circulating blood enters the bone through the central artery which branches out into small arterioles. These arterioles are interspersed in the cords of hematopoietic tissue. The arterioles drain into venous sinuses (space or cavity). Sinuses have a basement membrane which is lined by endothelial cells within the sinus and surrounded by reticular (e.g. adventitial) cells on other side. Blood from several venous sinuses may combine in a collecting sinus which leads to a central vein. The venous sinuses alternate with hematopoietic cords in a spokelike pattern with the central vein as the core.

Tourniquets wrap around the arm to increase venous pressure, and fill the veins, so that they are easier to see, feel, and puncture. They can be made of latex, Velcro, or other material.

Butterfly needles (also known as a winged infusion set), are available in smaller gauges, and are used to draw venous blood from children, and adults with difficult veins.

Positively identify the patient in the usual manner.Collect a venous blood specimen in a red top tube.Complete the specimen label and the detachable armband stub before removing them from the card.Initial, date, and time the stamped specimen label (shown on upper right), and attach it securely to the blood specimen.

An experienced phlebotomist should be knowledgeable in the collection of: - Venous blood specimens - Capillary blood specimens - Blood culture specimens - Urine specimens - Throat cultures, and - Medico legal specimens requiring chain of custody. He or she should also know how to: - Process specimens - Perform bleeding times, and - Collection specimens from IV lines and central venous lines, under appropriate supervision.

Collect venous blood for a fasting glucose level.Give the patient a standard dose of glucose, usually in the form of a beverage such as Glucola™ (Allegiance). Always follow your own procedure manual. In general:Give a 50 gram glucose dose to screen pregnant women at 28 weeks for gestational diabetes.Give a 75 gram glucose dose to nonpregnant adults.Give a 100 gram glucose dose to confirm the diagnosis of gestational diabetes.