There are a large number of other molecules being evaluated and studied to determine their use as reliable cardiac biomarkers. Future research will demonstrate if they provide additional helpful information in ACS and if they are helpful in screening for CVD in asymptomatic individuals.
Some future markers under study are lipoprotein(a), oxidized LDL, metalloproteinases, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and placental growth factor. With advances in molecular diagnostics and proteomics, an individual's plasma proteome, their fingerprint of proteins and peptides, may be a biomarker profile of current and future disease.