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MediaLab, Inc. Course Preview Pages
Defining Thalassemia
Defining Alpha Thalassemia
Alpha Thalassemia States
Anemia in Alpha Thalassemia
Question
Alpha Thalassemia Major
Alpha Thalassemia Intermedia
Alpha Thalassemia Minor
Silent Carrier
Question
Normal Chromosome 16
Chromosome 16 Alpha Thalassemia Silent Carrier
Chromosome 16 Alpha Thalassemia Minor
Alpha Thalassemia Minor - Homozygous
Alpha Thalassemia Minor - Heterozygous
Chromosome 16 Alpha Thalassemia Intermedia
Chromosome 16 Alpha Thalassemia Major
Question
Silent Carrier
Alpha Thalassemia Minor
Alpha Thalassemia Intermedia
Alpha Thalassemia Major
Question
Serum Iron
Serum Bilirubin
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Serum Haptoglobin
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Theory
Migration of Hemoglobin in Alkaline Electrophoresis
Normal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Sample Alkaline Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Densitometer Tracings
Question
Hemoglobin H bodies
Reticulocytes
Normal Cells
Question
Case History
Complete Blood Count Results
Question
Question
Serum Chemistry Results
Question
Question
Repeat Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Summary
References
Course Introduction
Significance of Reactions at Different Phases of Testing
Products Used to Facilitate Antibody Identification
Test Methods
Naturally Occurring Antibodies
Example Of A Naturally Occurring Antibody
Immune Antibodies
Example of Clinically Significant Immune Antibody
Question
Antibodies to Low- and High-Incidence Antigens
Examples of Antibodies to Low-Incidence Antigens
Examples of Antibodies to High-Incidence Antigens
Initial Steps for Identifying an Antibody
Initial Observations of Antibody Panel
Case Study: Immune Alloantibody
Rule-Out Procedures
Rule-Out Procedures, continued
Question
Ruling Out Procedures, continued: Selecting Additional Rule-Out Cells
Rule-Out Procedure, continued: Selecting Additional Rule-Out Cells-- Example
Picking Selected Panel Cells Conservatively
Rule-Out Procedure Summary Guidelines
Question
When to Suspect Multiple Antibodies
Example of Dosage and/or Multiple Antibodies Influencing the Strength of Reactions
Multiple Antibodies: Example
Multiple Antibodies Example, continued: Selected Cell Rule-Out Panel
Multiple Antibodies Example, continued: Explanation of Varying Strengths of Reactions
When to Suspect an Autoantibody
Cold antibodies
Cold Autoantibody Example
Example Of An Autoantibody (warm)
Is It a Cold or a Warm Autoantibody?
Question
Enzyme Panels
Effect of Enzymes and Dithiothreitol (DTT)
References
Copyright and Disclosures
Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune Disease (continued)
Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
Antinuclear Antibody Test
Question
Question
History of ANA Testing
Fluorescent ANA Testing
Colorzyme®
Other Methods for ANA Testing
Cell Morphology
Stages of Mitosis
Question
Reading ANA Patterns Using a HEp-2 or HEp-2000® Substrate
Question
ANA Testing Scheme
Question
Follow-up Testing
Antigen Chart
Question
ANA patterns
Negative
Homogeneous
Speckled
Nucleolar
Centromere
SSA/Ro Pattern
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)
Nuclear Membrane
Question
Overview
NSp I or Multiple Nuclear Dots (MND)
NSp II or CENP-F
Nuclear Matrix
Midbody
Other Unusual ANA Patterns
Question
Overview
Homogeneous and Speckled
Homogeneous and Centromere
Homogeneous and SSA/Ro (on HEp-2000®)
Speckled and SSA/Ro
Scl-70
Other Mixed Patterns
Question
Overview
Cytoskeletal
Mitochondrial
Ribosomal P
Golgi
Mitotic Spindle
NuMA
HsEg5
Question
References
Introduction
Platelets and Aspirin
Aspirin Dosing
Aspirin Resistance
Algorithmic Approach For a Patient With Suspected Aspirin Resistance
Factors that May Limit the Effectiveness of Aspirin
Question
Platelets and Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel Dosing
Clopidogrel Resistance
Question
Specimen Collection for Platelet Function Testing
Specimen Processing for Platelet-Rich Plasma
Monitoring Response to Aspirin Therapy
Aspirin Response Analysis: Platelet Function Testing for Aspirin Resistance
Aspirin Response Analysis: Urinary 11-Dehydrothromboxane B2 for Aspirin Resistance
Question
Question
Aspirin Response Analysis: Optical Light Transmission Aggregometry
Aspirin Response Analysis: Whole Blood Impedance Aggregometry
Aspirin Response Analysis: Shear Flow Technology
Aspirin Response Analysis: Cartridge-Based Platelet Aggregation
Aspirin Response Analysis: Helena Laboratories PlateletWorks Kit
Aspirin Response Analysis: AspirinWorks Analysis
Question
Question
CYP2C19 Genotyping for Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel Response Analysis: Light Transmittance Aggregometry (LTA)
Clopidogrel Response Analysis: Whole Blood Impedance Aggregometry
Clopidogrel Response Analysis: P2Y12 Analysis
Clopidogrel Response Analysis: Helena Laboratories PlateletWorks Kit
Clopidogrel Response Analysis: Thromboelastography
Question
Question
Treatment Alternatives When Aspirin or Clopidogrel Non-responsiveness is Detected
References
Definition of Thrombocytopenia
Symptoms Seen in Thrombocytopenia
Question
Increased platelet destruction
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Acute Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia
Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Thrombocytopenia in Neonates
Treatment for ITP
Question
Drug-induced thrombocytopenia
Pathophysiology of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Additional Complications Related to Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Question
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Laboratory Findings
Treatment of TTP
Question
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Findings
Treatment of DIC
Question
Diseases and Disorders That Affect the Bone Marrow and Decrease Platelet Production
Question
Increased Splenic Sequestration and Thrombocytopenia
Dilutional Thrombocytopenia
Preanalytic Variable Leading to False Thrombocytopenia
Pseudo-thrombocytopenia: Platelet Satellitism and Platelet Clumping
Importance of Addressing Platelet Variables
Question
References
What are Lean and Six Sigma?
History of Lean and Six Sigma
Lean and Six Sigma Timeline
Question
Principles of Lean
Five Steps to Lean Thinking
Waste in the Laboratory
Recommended Lean Processes: Waste Walk
Recommended Lean Processes: 5S
Additional Lean Processes and Concepts
Batch Size Reduction
Laboratory Work Cell
Question
Measuring Quality
Process Sigma and Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO)
DPMO and Process Sigma (Sigma Level) Example
Six Sigma Level of Quality in Health Care
Roles and Responsibilities in a Six Sigma Team
Team Dynamics
Question
DMAIC Process
Project Selection
DMAIC: Define Phase
Project Charter
"Define Phase" Tools: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Example of FMEA
"Define Phase" Tools: Quality Function Deployment
"Define Phase" Tools: Voice of the Customer (VOC)
"Define Phase" Tools: Supplier, Inputs, Process, Outputs, and Customers (SIPOC) Diagram
DMAIC: Measure Phase
Process Map
Data Collection Plan: Baseline Measurement
DMAIC: Analyze Phase
Cause and Effect Diagram and DOE
Pareto Chart
Process Analysis
DMAIC: Improve Phase
DMAIC: Control Phase
Question
Conclusion
References
Defining Thalassemias
Defining Beta Thalassemia
Beta Thalassemia Genetics Overview
Anemia in Beta Thalassemia
Question
Beta Thalassemia Major
Beta Thalassemia Intermedia
Beta Thalassemia Minor
Beta Thalassemia Minima
Delta-Beta Thalassemia
Question
Normal Chromosome 11
Chromosome 11 Beta Thalassemia Minima (Silent Carrier) Bsc/B
Beta Thalassemia Minor
Chromosome 11 Beta Thalassemia Minor B+/B
Chromosome 11 Beta Thalassemia Minor B0/B
Chromosome 11 Delta-Beta Thalassemia Minor
Beta Thalassemia Intermedia
Chromosome 11 Beta Thalassemia Intermedia B+/B+
Chromosome 11 Beta Thalassemia Intermedia B0/B+, B0/B
Chromosome 11 Delta-Beta Thalassemia Intermedia
Chromosome 11 Beta Thalassemia Major
Chromosome 11 Delta-Beta Thalassemia Major
Question
Hematologic Findings For Various Types of Beta Thalassemia
Serum Iron
Serum Bilirubin
Question
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Theory
Migration of Hemoglobin in Alkaline Electrophoresis
Normal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Normal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Densitometer Tracing
Hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns in Beta thalassemia
Case History
Laboratory Test Results
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Case History Summary
References
Peripheral Morphology vs Cytospin Morphology
Neutrophils
Neutrophils continued
Eosinophils vs. Neutrophils
Question
Normal Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes vs. Monocytes
Viral Lymphocytes vs. Monocytes
Lymphocytes and Atypical Lymphocytes
Atypical Lymphocytes
Viral Lymphocytes
Plasma Cells
Question
Monocytes
Monocytes vs Lymphocytes
Monocytes and Macrophages
Macrophages
Hemophagocytosis
Siderophage
Histiocytes
Question
Question
Ependymal Cells
Ependymal Clumps
Choroid Plexus Cells
Bone Marrow Contamination in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Question
Mesothelial Cells
Mesothelial Cells continued
Reactive Mesothelial Cells
Synovial Lining Cells
Synovial Lining Cells
Bronchial Lining Cells
Bronchial Lining Cells continued
Question
Infectious Organisms in Body Fluids
Intracellular and Extracellular Diplococci
Intracellular Diplococci
Peritoneal lavage Trauma STAT
Trauma STAT
Septic Arthritis
Yeast
Candida albicans - Germ Tube Formation
Hyphae
Central Nervous System (CNS) Toxoplasmosis
Central Nervous System (CNS) Toxoplasmosis continued
Question
Leukemic Fluids
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): L1 Morphology
Central Nervous System (CNS) Relapse: L2 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
L3 Burkitt Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) continued
Acute Monoblastic Leukemia (AMoL)
Question
Metastatic Tumors in Fluid Cytospins.
Adenocarcinoma in Peritoneal Fluid
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) in Plerual Fluid
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors (ATRT) in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Metastatic Melanoma in the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Agranular Metastatic Melanoma in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Medulloblastoma in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Neuroblastoma in Pleural Fluid (NBL)
Neuroblastoma Tumor Clump vs. Mesothelial Clump in Pleural Fluid
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Retinoblastoma in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Question
References
Introduction to Bone Marrow Aspirates and Biopsies
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy Collection
Clinical Laboratory's Role: Bone Marrow Aspirates and Biopsies
Question
Bone Marrow Collection: Patient Bedside
Bone Marrow Delivery
Question
Bone marrow Smear Preparation
Bone marrow Smear Preparation: Selecting Fragments
Long Slide Preparation Techniques: Wedge Smear
Long Slide Preparation Techniques: T-prep
Long Slide Preparation Techniques: Pull Prep
Coverslip Smear Preparation Technique
Biopsy Touch Preparation Technique
Bone Marrow Smear Techniques Video
Question
Manual Staining of Bone Marrow Preparations
Manual Staining of Bone Marrow Preparations: Wright's and Wright-Giemsa Stain
Automated Stainers
Iron Staining
Question
Bone marrow Differentials
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Myelocytes: Eosinophils and Basophils
Metamyelocyte
Band Neutrophil
Segmented Neutrophil
Question
Erythrocytic Cells: Introduction
Pronormoblast (Proerythroblast)
Basophilic Normoblast
Polychromatophilic Normoblast
Orthochromic Normoblast
Question
Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte
Macrophage (Histiocyte)
Hemophagocytosis
Lymphocyte
Hematogone
Plasma Cell
Question
Megakaryocyte: Immature
Megakaryocyte: Mature
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Stromal Cells
Rules for Bone Marrow Differentials
Rules for Bone Marrow Differentials, continued
Rules for Bone Marrow Differentials, continued
Calculating and Reporting the Myeloid:Erythroid (M:E) Ratio
Cellularity and Additional Information
Responsibility of the Technologist versus Hematopathologist
References
Introduction
Organizations and Agencies
The Human Heart
Question
Terminology Describing Ischemic Heart Disease and Heart Failure
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Risk Factors for Heart Disease
Question
Question
Atherosclerosis
Fibrous Cap
Lipids
Monitoring Lipids
Question
Heart Disease and Cardiac Biomarkers
Uses of Cardiac Biomarkers
Optimal Cardiac Biomarkers
Current Cardiac Biomarkers
History
Troponins
cTnI
cTnT
Use of Troponins
cTnI Versus cTnT
Troponin Measurement and Ranges
Question
CK-MB
CK-MB Measurement and Ranges
Myoglobin
CK-Isoforms
Diagnosis of an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
Pattern of AMI Biomarker Levels
2007 Guidelines for Cardiac Markers in AMI Diagnosis
Biomarker Sampling Guidelines
Question
Question
Question
Question
Cardiac Biomarkers and Congestive Heart Failure
Function of BNP
BNP Versus NT-ProBNP
BNP and NT-ProBNP Measurement and Ranges
Question
Question
Risk Stratification
Screening Biomarkers
High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)
Use of hs-CRP, Measurement, and Ranges
Homocysteine
Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA)
Myeloperoxidase
Future Cardiac Biomarkers
Question
Comparisons of Concentrations of CRP and hs-CRP
Comparisons of Concentrations of CRP and hs-CRP
References
Question
Question
The Superoxol Test
Question
Review 1
Question
Question
Acute Onset Pneumonia
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Pneumococcal Resistance
Review 1
Question
Question
Question
Clinical History
Question
Question
Question
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) Review
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Screening by Disk Diffusion
ESBL Screeing by Broth Microdilution
Phenotypic Confirmation by Disk Diffusion and Reporting
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Activity
Phenotypic Confirmation by Broth Microdilution and Reporting
Review 1
Question
Question
Clinical History
Question
Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase (PYR) Differential
Question
Enterococcus Identification
Enterococcus faecium Identification
Vancomycin Resistance
Question
Review 1
Review 2
Question
Case History
Question
Question
Colony Morphology
Clostridium Quad Plate
Clostridium septicum RapID ANA
Question
Review 1
Review 2
Review 3
Question
Question
Clinical History
Question
Staph on Blood Agar
Question
Question
Staph aureus Mannitol
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Screen
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Disk Test
Review 1
Review 2
Review 3
Question
Question
Question
Question
Spleen Specimen
Question
Question
S. anginosus ("milleri") CO2
S. anginosus ("milleri") Biochemicals
Review 1
Review 2
Question
Question
Question
Cellulitis Skin
Question
Question
Group A Strep A Disk/SXT
Question
Review 1
Review 2
Question
Question
Clinical History
Histology of Brain Biopsy
Question
Colony Morphology
Question
Question
Listeria Gram stain
Question
Listeria motility
Review 1
Review 2
Review 3
Question
Question
Question
Cellulitis Lesion
Eikenella BAP
Question
Eikenella - Catalase & Oxidase
Eikenella Biochemicals
Question
Question
Review 1
Review 2
Review 3
Question
Question
Question
References
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
Three Main Functions of CSF
Chemical Substances Present in CSF
Cells Present in Normal CSF
CSF Evaluation and Diagnosis
Question
Question
CSF Specimen Collection Process
Collection Tubes, continued
Specimen Labeling and Transport
Specimen Handling and Storage
Initial Specimen Examination
Safety Precautions
Question
Question
Abnormalities
Turbidity
Clot/Pellicle
Bloody Specimen
Detecting Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Xanthochromia
Other Causes of Xanthochromia
Causes of Xanthochromia in Premature Infants
Important Aspects of Xanthochromia
Question
Question
Question
Normal Cell Counts
Examining CSF Using the Hemocytometer
Examining CSF Using the Hemocytometer, continued
Counting Nucleated Cells in a Bloody CSF Specimen
Cell Counting Guidelines
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Stained Cytospin Preparations of CSF
Cytocentrifuge Technique
Nucleated Cells That May Be Present In CSF
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Bacterial Meningitis
Monocyte/Macrophage
Macrophages As Indicators of Previous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
Normal Peripheral Blood Cells
Bone Marrow Contamination of CSF Sample
Blast Cells
More Blast Cells
Malignant Cells
Malignant Cells, continued
Malignant Cells, continued
Question
Question
Question
Question
Chemical Urinalysis Reagent Strips
Urine Specimen Collection
Urine Specimen Processing and Transportation
Reagent Strip Procedure
Precautions in Urinalysis Chemical Reagent Strip Analysis
Question
Question
Question
Question
pH Analysis: The Urine Specimen
Basis of the Urine pH Test
Urine pH: Acidic and Alkaline
Question
Question
Question
Protein Error of Indicators
Confirmatory Testing for Urine Protein
Clinical Significance of Urine Protein
Clinical Significance of Urine Protein (continued)
Follow-up Testing for Positive Urine Protein
Question
Question
Urine Glucose Analysis
False Positive and Negative Urine Glucose Results
Test for Reducing Substances Other than Glucose
Clinical Significance of Glucose in the Urine
Question
Question
Ketones Overview
Testing for Ketones in the Urine
Ketone Bodies
False Positive and Negative Ketone Results
Clinical Significance of Positive Urine Ketones
Question
Question
Question
Overview of Bilirubin
Testing for Urine Bilirubin
False Positive and Negative Urine Bilirubin Results
Confirmatory Testing for Urine Bilirubin
Clinical Significance of Urine Bilirubin
Question
Question
Introduction to Hematuria
Reagent Test Pad for Blood
False Positive and Negative Results
Clinical Significance of Blood in Urine
Question
Question
Question
Urine Analysis for Nitrites
Nitrites and Bladder Infections
Nitrite Test Sensitivity
False Positive and Negative Results
Clinical Significance of Nitrites in Urine
Question
Question
Introduction to Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen Analysis
False-Positive and False-Negative Urobilinogen Results
Confirmatory Testing for Urobilinogen
Clinical Significance of Urobilinogen in Urine
Question
Question
Presence of Granulocytes in Urine
Leukocyte Esterase on the Urine Chemical Reagent Strip
False Positive and Negative Urine Leukocyte Esterase
Clinical Significance of Leukocyte Esterase in Urine
Question
Question
Measuring Specific Gravity
Advantages and Limitations of the Chemical Reagent Strip Method for Specific Gravity
Clinical Significance of Specific Gravity
Question
Semi-Automated Instruments
Quality Control
Question
Question
Question
Reasons for Performing Confirmatory or Secondary Macroscopic Urine Tests
Urine Glucose
Reducing Sugars
Testing Methods for Urine Glucose and Other Reducing Substances
Specimen Processing for Urine Sugar Testing
Testing for Reducing Substances Other Than Glucose
Copper Reduction Reaction
Question
Question
Diseases Associated with Proteinuria
Screening and Secondary Tests for Protein
SSA Test Procedure and Results Interpretation
SSA Procedural Notes and Test Limitations
Microalbumin Test
Question
Question
Question
Question
Urinary Ketones
Causes of Ketonuria
Detection of Ketone Bodies
Acetest®
Urine Bilirubin
Bilirubinuria
Confirmation of Urine Bilirubin Result
Diazo Tablet Test
Limitations of the Procedure
Question
Question
Introduction
Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) Defined
Donor vs Transfusion Service
Redundancy
Question
Quality Control Unit
Personnel Requirements
Building Requirements
Plant & Facilities
Equipment
Control of Components & Reagents
Production and Process Controls
Packaging and Label Control
Holding & Distribution & Traceability
Laboratory Controls
Records & Reports
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Records and Reports, continued
Complaint and Adverse Reaction Files
Returned and Salvaged Drugs
Question
Definitions
Shipment Temperatures 600.15
Establishment Inspections
Inspections, Continued
Annual Reporting
Question
CGMP For Blood and Blood Components
Standard Operating Procedures
Additional Procedures
Procedures of Other Organizations
Container Label
Container Label Design
Label Contents
Specific Label Statements
ABO and Rh Labels
Machine Readable Label Contents
Emergency Labeling
Autologous Labeling
Question
Instruction Circular
Compatibility Testing
Deviation Reporting
Question
Registration and Listing
Exemption from Registration
Question
Testing for Communicable Diseases
Testing For Communicable Diseases, continued
Donor Deferral & Lookback
Dating Period of Blood Components
Additional Container Labeling Requirements
Additional Container Labeling Requirements, continued
Question
Additional Standards for Human Blood
Red Blood Cells
Platelets
Plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Immune Globulin
Reissue of Blood
QC Requirements for Platelets and Cryoprecipitated AHF
Question
640.120 Alternative Procedures
21CFR 660.20 Blood Grouping Reagents
Question
Conclusion
References
Intent of this program
Requirements for Retraining
Types of collections
Standard collection
Monitored collection
Monitored collection
Observed collection
Prosthetic devices
Observed collection
Observed collection
Question
Federal drug testing custody and control form (CCF)
Non-federally regulated custody and control form
Custody and Control Form
Exceptions
Question
Five areas having prerequisites for proper collection
Collection site security requirements
Other collection site requirements
Collection supplies
Collection Supplies
Rules for collectors
Completing the federally regulated custody and control form
Completing the federally regulated custody and control form
Completing the federally regulated custody and control form
Acceptable forms of identification
What if a self employed donor cannot produce photo identification?
Unacceptable forms of identification
Positive identification must be obtained before collection
Steps for Typical Urine Collection
Donor Preparation
Donor washes hands
The collection kit
Donor provides the specimen
Specimen integrity
Specimen integrity
Collector documents specimen temperature
Donor gives specimen to collector
Collector disperses specimen to bottle(s)
Collector applies tamper-evidence seals
Collector dates seals, donor initials seals
Donor completes certification statement
Donor completes certification statement
Collector packages specimen
Distribution of custody and control form
Question
When problems occur
Indwelling Catheter and External Urine Bag
Medications
Refusal to test
Refusal to test
Situations not considered as refusal
Donor refuses to complete paperwork
Shy bladder
Shy bladder
Shy bladder
Observed collection procedure (1)
Observed collection procedure (2)
Observed collection procedure (3)
Observed collection scenarios
Observed collection scenarios
Observed collection scenarios
Observed collection scenarios
Broken Security Seal
Accidental Spills
Fatal Flaws and Correctable Flaws
Responsibilities and requirements for collectors
Differences between Department of Transportation (DOT) and Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Drug Testing...
Additional Resources
Introduction
Protect Yourself and Your Patient
Question
Venous, Arterial, and Capillary Blood Specimens
Dermal Puncture vs Venipuncture
Question
Using the Fingers for Dermal Puncture
Using the Heel for Dermal Puncture
Question
Puncture Devices
Miscellaneous Equipment
Question
Patient Identification
Site Preparation
Let Gravity Be Your Friend
Finger Puncture
Heel Puncture
Properly Filling and Mixing a Microcollection Container
Order of Draw
Positioning the Puncture Device for a Fingerstick
Question
Question
Oh No...The Blood Has Stopped Flowing
Inappropriate Sites/Patients for Capillary Puncture
Infants and Geriatric Patients: Monitor the Amount of Blood Obtained
Protect Me From the Light
Question
The Need for Metabolic Testing on Newborns
Capillary Blood Collection for Metabolic Testing
Processing Filter Cards after Collecton
Question
Hematology Specimens
Capillary Blood Gases
Question
Lead - An important public health concern
Using Sucrose as an Analgesic Prior to Heel Puncture and Capillary Blood Collection
References
Red Blood Cell Indices: Definitions and Calculations
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW): Definition and Calculation
Interpretation of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Histograms
Question
Question
Question
Question
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Size Variation
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Correlated with Peripheral Smear
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Color Variation
RBC Size and Color Descriptions
Red Blood Cell Parameters Correlated with Red Blood Cell Morphology, Summary
Question
Question
Question
Anemia Defined and Classified
Morphologic Classification of Anemias
Pathophysiologic Classification of Anemias
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Delta Check Alerts Using Red Blood Cell Indices
Question
References
Introduction to Statistics
Why Statistics?
Descriptive Statistics
Samples and Populations
Statistics and Parameters
Independent and Dependent Variables
Discrete and Continuous Data
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Importance of Professional Tables and Graphs
Table Specifications
Figures Specification
Question
Data and Data Pairs
Using Frequency Distributions
Reading Frequency Distributions
Constructing Frequency Distributions
A Frequency Distribution Example
Step 1: Select Size and Number of Class Intervals
Step 2: List the Class Intervals
Step 3: Sort the Data
Step 4: Determine Frequencies
Step 5: Determine Relative Frequencies
Graphing Frequency Distributions
Bar Chart
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Absolute vs. Relative Frequency
Question
Question
Question
Question
Mean, Median, and Mode
Mean
Median
Mode
Question
Question
Question
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation (continued)
Standard Deviation Example
Standard Deviation Example (continued)
Question
Introduction to the Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
68-95-99 Rule Illustrated
Inferences from Sample Data
Question
Question
A Measure of Relative Variability
Using the Coefficient of Variation
Monitoring Methods
Question
Introduction: Coagulation Inhibitors
Coagulation Inhibitors
Introduction: Factor Deficiencies
Coagulation Inhibitors and Coagulation Screening Tests
Coagulation Factors Involved in the aPTT Test
Elevations in PT or aPTT assays
Preanalytical Variables That Can Cause Falsely Elevated PT or aPTT Results
Summary of Initial Elevations in the PT and aPTT
Question
Coagulation Factors Monitored By the PT Test
When To Perform a Mixing Study
Question
Introduction to Mixing Studies
Mixing Study Test Principle
Question
Mixing Study: Specimen Requirements
Performance of a Mixing Study
Performance of a Mixing Study
Performance of a Mixing Study
Question
Analyzing the Mixing Study Results
Interpreting the Mixing Study Results
Question
Analyzing the Mixing Study Results (cont.)
Mixing Study Methodology Differences
Analyzing the Mixing Study Results (cont.)
Interpreting the Mixing Study Results: A Case Study
Interpreting the Mixing Study Results: A Case Study (cont.)
Interpreting the Mixing Study Results: A Case Study (cont.)
Question
Interpreting the Mixing Study Results: Case Study 2
Question
Interpreting the Mixing Study Results: Case Study 3
Question
Further Analyses for Factor Deficiencies
Further Analyses for Factor Deficiencies (cont.)
Further Analyses for Factor Deficiences: Factor Activity Curves
Treatment for Factor Deficiencies
Lupus Anticoagulant
Further Analyses for Coagulation Inhibitors- Lupus Anticoagulant
Further Analyses for Coagulation Inhibitors (cont.)
Treatment for Coagulation Inhibitors
References
Introduction
Case Studies
Organizations and Agencies
Case A
Case B
Case C
Blood Glucose and Hormonal Control
Question
Question
Diabetes - A Metabolic Disorder
Hemoglobin A1C and Diabetes Diagnosis
HbA1C versus Blood Glucose Measurement
Diagnosis of Diabetes
Case Studies
Question
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes
Reference Ranges
Question
Classification of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes Continued
Type 1 or Type 2
Gestational Diabetes
Other Causes of Diabetes
Case Studies (continued)
Question
Risks and Complications of Diabetes
Microvascular Damage
Macrovascular Complications
Other Complications
Question
Screening for Diabetes
Benefits of Earlier Screening
Question
Clinical Testing
Blood Glucose
Whole Blood Glucose Testing
Question
Urine Glucose
Urinary Albumin
Urinary Albumin Excretion
Microalbuminuria
Ketones
Insulin and C-Peptide
Insulin Antibodies
Glycated Proteins
HbA1C
Monitoring Diabetic Glycemic Control
Fructosamine
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Question
Question
Estimated Average Glucose
Relationship Between HbA1C and eAG
Question
The Laboratory's Role in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes
References
Introduction
Principle of Electrophoresis
Amphoteric
Isoelectric Point (pI)
Question
Question
Mobility or Rate of Migration
Rate of Migration
Question
Role of Buffers
Buffers and pH
Question
Specimens
Question
Types of Support Media
Agarose Gel
Polyacrylamide Gels
Question
Question
Electrophoresis Equipment
Automation
Question
Types of Electrophoresis
Routine Electrophoresis
High Resolution Electrophoresis (HRE)
Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis (PAGE)
Denaturing Polyacrylamide Gels
Isoelectric Focusing (IEF)
IEF Advantages and Applications
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
CE Advantages and Applications
Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Advantages and Applications
Immunochemical Electrophoresis
Immunofixation Electrophoresis
Electroimmunoassay Electrophoresis
Pulsed Field Electrophoresis
Question
Question
Question
Visualization and Detection Methods
Stains and Dyes
Densitometry
Labeled Probes
Question
Technical Considerations and Electrophoresis Troubleshooting Topics
Sample Application
Buffers
Support Media
Electroendosmosis
Wick Flow
Troubleshooting Irregular, Distorted or Atypical Bands
Question
Question
Resurgence of Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis and Molecular Diagnostics
Blotting Techniques
Uses of CE in Molecular Diagnostics
References
Introduction
Introduction cont.
Risk Markers
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis continued
Patient Studies to Validate Risk Markers
Question
Question
Transport of Lipophilic Substances
Lipoprotein Particles
Apolipoproteins
Apolipoproteins cont.
Question
Importance of Determining Size and Number of Lipoprotein Particles
Measuring Apolipoproteins
ApoB and ApoA1
ApoB/ApoA1: The Test
Question
High Sensitivity-C-Reactive Protein
The hs-CRP Test
Question
Lp(a)
Lp(a) Testing
Oxidized LDL
Oxidized LDL Physiology
Oxidized LDL Tests
Question
LpPLA2
LpPLA2 and Cardiovascular Risk
Question
Size and Number
Assessing Lipoprotein Particle Number and Size
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
LDL Phenotype by Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis Testing
Question
Summary
Adult Treatment Panel
References
What are Erythrocyte Inclusions?
Question
Reticulocytes
Normal Erythrocytes
Polychromatophilic Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Polychromatophilic Cells, continued
Stress Reticulocytes
Question
Question
Basophilic Stippling
Example of Fine Basophilic Stippling
Coarse Basophilic Stippling
Coarse Basophilic Stippling, continued
Question
Question
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Howell-Jolly Body
Another Howell-Jolly Body
Howell-Jolly Body in Nucleated Red Cell
Question
Question
Question
Question
Pappenheimer Bodies
Pappenheimer Bodies, continued
Pappenheimer Bodies, continued
Basophilic Stippling contrasted with Pappenheimer Bodies
Howell-Jolly Bodies and Pappenheimer Bodies
Comparison of Erythrocyte Inclusions
Siderotic Granules
Siderocytes and Ringed Sideroblasts in Bone Marrow
Siderocyte
Sideroblast
Question
Question
Question
Question
Cabot Rings
Cabot Rings, continued
Cabot Rings, continued
Question
Question
References
Introduction
The Heimlich Maneuver
Before Performing Heimlich Maneuver
How to Perform the Heimlich Maneuver
Caution
Bleeding Aid
Applying Direct Pressure
Elevate the Wound
Pressure Bandage
Call For Medical Help
Fracture
Fracture Diagnosis
Fracture Treatment
Classification of Thermal Burns
First Degree Thermal Burns
Second Degree Thermal Burns
Third Degree Thermal Burns
Treatment of First and Second Degree
Treatment of Third Degree
Chemical Burns of Skin
Treatment of Chemical Burns of Skin
Chemical Burns of Eye
Treatment of Chemical Burns of Eye
CPR
Purpose of this Course
Introduction to the Fundamentals of Coagulation
Introduction to the Fundamentals of Coagulation, continued
Introduction to the Fundamentals of Coagulation, continued
Question
Introduction to Hemostatic Mechanisms
Introduction to Primary Hemostasis
Primary Hemostasis: The Vascular System
Primary Hemostasis: The Vascular System, continued
Primary Hemostasis: The Vascular System and Platelet Involvement
Primary Hemostasis: Platelet Production
Primary Hemostasis: Characteristics of the Platelet
Primary Hemostasis: Platelet Function
Summary of Primary Hemostasis
Question
Overview of Secondary Hemostasis
Secondary Hemostasis: Fibrin Formation via the Coagulation Cascade
Consequences Linked to Deficiencies in Coagulation Factors
Question
Coagulation Factors in the Coagulation Cascade
Secondary Hemostasis: The Extrinsic Pathway
Secondary Hemostasis: The Extrinsic Pathway, continued
Secondary Hemostasis: The Intrinsic Pathway
Secondary Hemostasis: The Intrinsic Pathway, continued
Secondary Hemostasis: The Intrinsic Pathway, continued
Secondary Hemostasis: The Intrinsic Pathway, continued
Secondary Hemostasis: The Common Pathway
Secondary Hemostasis: The Common Pathway, continued
Secondary Hemostasis: The Common Pathway, continued
Secondary Hemostasis: Coagulation Factor Characteristics
Question
The Fibrinolytic System
The Fibrinolytic System, continued
Laboratory Testing of Hemostatic Function
Collecting Blood Specimens for Coagulation Testing
Specimen Rejection Criteria
Prothrombin Time (PT)/INR
PT/INR, continued
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Heparin Anti-Xa Assay
Question
Fibrinogen Assay
Fibrin/Fibrinogen Degradation Products and D-Dimers
Platelet Function Assay
Mixing Studies
Factor Assays
Question
Coagulation Disorders
Coagulation Disorders: Inherited
Coagulation Disorders: Acquired
Coagulation Disorders: Platelet Disorders
Coagulation Disorders and Liver Disease
Question
Anticoagulation Therapy
Heparin Therapy
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
Overview
Overview
Targets
Basis of Molecular Testing
Nucleotides
Writing the Code
Types of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Human Genome
Question
Question
Unique Terminology
Terms and Definitions
Question
Question
Overview
Specimen Collection and Handling
Pre-analytical Variables
Transport
Resources
Question
Question
Classification
Classification
Question
Overview
Direct Nucleic Acid Testing
Amplified Nucleic Acid Testing
Question
Direct Nucleic Acid Testing Principle
Direct Nucleic Acid Tests
Amplified Nucleic Acid Testing Principle
Amplified Nucleic Acid Tests
Amplification
Thermal Cycling
Amplification Issues
Hybridization
Factors Affecting Hybridization
Detection
Question
Question
Question
Overview
Why Choose a Molecular Method?
Selection
When Nucleic Acids Get Altered
Infectious Diseases
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics
Advantages of Molecular Testing
Disadvantages of Molecular Testing
Question
Question
References
Hemoglobinopathies
Examples of Structural Abnormalities
Question
Sickle Cell Disorders
Genetics of Hemoglobin S
Normal and HbS Beta Chain DNA Base Sequences
Question
Sickling Process Overview
The Sickling Process
The Sickling Process, Continued
Normal Blood Flow
Blood Flow During Sickling
Vascular Occlusion
Cellular Dehydration
Question
Clinical Manifestations
Vaso-occlusive Crisis
Vaso-occlusive Crisis, Continued
Sequestration Crisis
Hemolytic Crisis
Aplastic Crisis
Question
Question
Complications
Risk Factors
Question
Hb SS and Hb SA
HbS with Other Hemoglobins
HbS / Thalassemia
Hb S with Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin
Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia
Supportive Care
Pain Management
Pharmacotherapy
Non-pharmacotherapy
Blood Tranfusions
Molecular Therapy
Investigative Therapies
RBC Dehydration Prevention
Natural HbF Inducers
Transplantation and Gene Therapy
Question
Laboratory Diagnosis
Comparison of Laboratory Results Among Hemoglobin S Disorders
Solubility Test
Solubility Test Errors
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Theory
Migration of Hemoglobin in Alkaline Electrophoresis
Migration of Hemoglobin in Acid Electrophoresis
Normal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (alkaline)
Normal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Densitometer Tracing
Densitometer Tracing of Various Hemoglobins
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Patterns in Sickle Cell Disorders (Alkaline)
Hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns in Sickle Cell Disorders (acid)
Question
RBC Morphology in Sickle Cell Trait (HbSA)
RBC Morphology in Sickle Cell Disease (HbSS)
RBC morphology in Sickle Cell Anemia variant (HbSC)
Question
CBC results and RBC morphology
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
CBC and RBC morphology
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
CBC and RBC morphology
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
CBC and RBC morphology
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
CBC and RBC morphology
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
References
Foreword
Advance Organizer
Introduction
Immunization to D Antigen
Factors That Affect Production of Anti-D
Primary versus Secondary Response
Typical Case of Rh HDFN (Prior to RhIg)
Question
ABO HDFN - Etiology and Symptoms
ABO HDFN - Diagnostic Tests
ABO HDFN - Expected Findings
ABO HDFN - Treatment
Question
Symptoms and Laboratory Findings in Severe HDFN Due to Anti-D
HDFN Due to Other Antibodies
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Fetal Monitoring: Doppler Ultrasonography
Fetal Monitoring: Amniocentesis
Fetal Monitoring: Cordocentesis
Prenatal Treatment
Choosing Donor RBC for IUT and IVT
Postnatal Treatment: Exchange Transfusion
Criteria for Transfused Red Blood Cells
Other Postnatal Treatment
Question
Question
Introduction
Immunogenicity
Routine Serologic Tests - Mother
Routine Serologic Tests - Father
Newborn Serologic Testing Protocols
Question
Molecular Genotyping - Introduction
Molecular Genotyping - Mother
Molecular Genotyping - Father and Fetus
Determining Risk for HDFN Using Molecular Genotyping
Question
Question
Follow-up Investigative Tests (Mother)
Follow-up Investigative Tests (Father)
Follow-up Investigative Tests (Fetus)
Follow-up Investigative Tests (Newborn)
Question
Question
Introduction
History
Constituents
Mechanism of Action
Question
Use in Pregnancy
Related Uses
RhIg and Rh Complexity
RhIg & Variants of D
RhIg Policies for Weak D
International RhIg Policies
Clinical Relevance of D Phenotypes
RhIg Dosage
RhIg 'Failures'
Passive Anti-D following RhIg Administration
Protocols to Deal with RhIg-Derived Anti-D
Question
Question
Question
Question
Introduction
Screening for FMH
Rosette Test
Quantifying FMH
Kleihauer-Betke Test
Flow Cytometry
Calculating RhIg Dosage
Question
Question
Question
Question
Main Learning Goals
Literature and Online Resources
Introduction
Question
Overview
Question
Storage Iron
Question
Iron Intake and Recycling
Question
Regulation of Iron Equilibrium
Question
Question
Iron Transport
Question
Altered Iron Absorption
Question
Development of Iron Overload
Question
HFE and Other Genes
Question
Specific HFE Mutations
Question
Question
Epidemiology of HFE Mutations
Question
Incomplete Penetrance
Question
Prevalence of HFE
Question
Non-HFE Mutations
Question
General Clinical Considerations
Question
Signs and Symptoms of HH
Question
Secondary Disorders of Iron Overload
Question
Diagnosing HH
Question
Prognosis and Mortality
Question
General Overview of Testing
Question
Serum Iron
Question
Transferrin and Total Iron Binding Capacity
Question
Transferrin Saturation
Question
Question
Serum Ferritin
Question
UIBC
Question
Screening Controversies
Question
Molecular Tests
Question
Definitive Tests for Iron Overload
Question
Quantitative Phlebotomy
Rationale for Treatment
Question
Initial Treatment
Question
Maintenance Therapy
Question
Other Treatments
Question
References
What is HIPAA?
Updates for 2013
Updates for 2013, continued
Who Does HIPAA Apply To?
Question
Privacy is Your Responsibility.
Importance of Privacy - An Example
Relevant Components of HIPAA
What is the HIPAA Privacy Rule?
What Information is Protected?
The HIPAA Privacy Rule
Complaints Regarding HIPAA Non-compliance
Investigation
Individual's Rights Under HIPAA
HIPAA Enforcement
Administrative Requirements
Safeguards
Physical Safeguards
Administrative Safeguards
Technical Safeguards
Fax Machines
Question
Question
Notification
Authorization
Limiting Use and Disclosure of PHI
Question
Question
Minimum Necessary Use and Disclosure
Question
Question
Business Associate Agreement
Business Associates And the Privacy Rule
HIPAA Breach Notification Rule
HIPAA Breach Notification Rule, continued
Question
De-Identified Health Information
Question
HIPAA Harmonization with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
What is the HIPAA Security Rule?
What is Electronic PHI (ePHI)?
Security Officer
Safeguards
Administrative Safeguards
Question
Physical Safeguards: Access Controls
Physical Safeguards: Storage and Disposal of Media
Question
Technical Safeguards: System Access Control
Technical Safeguards: Passwords
Protection Against Viruses and Malicious Software.
E-mail Security
Question
Follow your own Facilities' Policies and Procedures.
References
Introduction
Retrovirus
Basic Structural Components
HIV capsid
HIV Envelope
Proteins Involved in Adsorption
Function of HIV Genes
Mutations
Question
Occupational Exposures
Potentially infectious body fluids
Risk factors associated with increased HIV infection
Question
Overview
Work practice controls
Sharps
Face and Eye Protection
Gloves
Handwashing
Question
If an Exposure Occurs
Evaluation and Treatment
Postexposure prophlaxis
Exposure Follow-up
Question
Caring for HIV/AIDS patients
Identifying risks and behaviors associated with HIV/AIDS
Goals of HIV/AIDS Treatment
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV/AIDS patients
Antiretroviral treatment in HIV/AIDS patients cont.
Types of ART Medications
Question
Introduction to HIV/AIDS Stigma
Counteracting HIV/AIDS Stigma
Question
Legislative Intent
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Reporting results
Preliminary and Confirmatory Testing
Question
References
Basic Structural Components
HIV Envelope
HIV Capsid
Question
Proteins Involved in Adsorption
Adsorption
Adsorption, continued
Penetration and Infection
DNA Conversion from RNA
HIV is a Retrovirus
Infection of the Host Cell
Infection of the Host Cell, continued
Spread of Infection
Spread of Infection, continued
Spread of Infection, continued
Destruction of the Host Cell
Question
Question
Mutations
Question
Stages of HIV Infection
Question
HIV Test Methods: Introduction
Anti-HIV Immunoassays
Test Interpretation
Rapid Anti-HIV Assays Using Alternate Specimen Types
Fourth Generation Immunoassays
Supplemental Testing Methods
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT)
Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
HIV Detection Methods: Comparison Table
Question
Question
References
Introduction
Organizations and Agencies
HPV Structure
HPV Viral Types
Low-Risk and High-Risk HPV Types
HPV Genome and Proteins
Question
Question
HPV as a Sexually Transmitted Infection
Clinical Diseases Caused by HPV STI Types
Question
HPV and Cervical Cancer
Immune Mediated Regression
Life Cycle of Human Papillomavirus
Additional Cervical Cancer Factors
Carcinogenesis of Cervical Cancer
Review: Tumor Suppressor Genes, Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes
Carcinogenesis of Cervical Cancer Continued
Question
Pap Smear
Pap Smear Images
Pap Smear and Cervical Cancer
Pap Smear Limitations
Molecular Detection of HPV in Cervical Cytology Specimens
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Base Pairing in Nucleic Acids
Comparison of DNA and RNA
Molecular Testing Basics
Hybridization
Amplification
Question
Question
Molecular Methods for HR-HPV Testing
High-Risk HPV Hybrid Capture (HC) 2 DNA Test
Step 1 High-Risk HPV HC2 DNA Assay
Step 2 High-Risk HPV HC2 DNA Assay
Step 3 High-Risk HPV HC2 DNA Assay
Step 4 High-Risk HPV HC2 DNA Assay
Step 5 High-Risk HPV HC2 DNA Assay
Cervista HPV DNA
Cervista HPV DNA Oligonucleotides
Cervista HPV DNA Primary Reaction
Cervista HPV DNA Primary Reaction Continued
Cervista HPV DNA Secondary Reaction
Comparison of HPV DNA Testing
Question
Question
Recommended Use of HPV DNA Testing in Cervical Cancer Screening
Inappropriate Use of HPV DNA Testing
Case A Michelle
Question
Case B Darlene
Question
Case C Josephine
Question
Case D Debra
Question
HPV Vaccines
HPV Vaccines; Gardasil and Cervarix
Question
References
Terrorism Defined
What Constitutes Terrorism?
Terrorism Targets
Types of Terrorism
Biological Agents
Categories of Biological Agents
Category A
Category A Agents
Category B
Category B Agents
Category B Agents in Food and Water
Category C
Category C Agents
Question
Question
Recognizing Biological Agents as WMDs
Agent: Smallpox (Virus)
Agent: Anthrax (Bacterium)
Agent: Pneumonic plague (Bacterium)
Agent: Botulism (bacterium)
Agent: Tularemia (bacterium)
Agent: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa and Argentine)
Why Biological Agents Would be Chosen as WMDs
Why Biological Agents Would be Chosen as WMDs (cont.)
Why Biological Agents Would Not Be Chosen as WMDs
Question
Question
Laboratory Response
The LRN Pyramid
Sentinel Labs
Reference Labs
National Labs
Laboratory Response - Chemical
Laboratory Response - Chemical, Level 3
Laboratory Response - Chemical, Level 2
Laboratory Response - Chemical, Level 1
Question
Question
Your Response
Your Response – At Work
Physical Security
Electronic Security
Suspicious Packages or Envelopes
Suspicious Packages or Envelopes (cont.)
What do I do if I find a suspicious package?
Responding to an Alarm
Be Prepared
The Fear Factor in Bioterrorism
What You Can Do to Prevent Panic
Question
Your Response - Beyond the Workplace
Be Aware
General Preparedness in Your Home
General Preparedness in Your Community
What if...?
What if: Dirty Bomb Attack
In Case of a Dirty Bomb Attack
What if: Chemical Attack
In Case of a Chemical Attack
What if: Biological Attack
In Case of a Biological Attack
Final Remarks
Additional Information
Flow Cytometry Course Introduction
Definitions
Acceptable Samples
Sample Preparation
Sample Analysis
Detection of Cellular Characteristics
Detection of Intrinsic Cellular Characteristics: Cell Size and Granularity
Detection of Extrinsic Cellular Characteristics: Surface Antigens
Question
Staining Illustration
T-Helper Cell Example
Suppressor Cell Example
Flow Cytometry and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Application
Calculating Absolute Cell Counts
Calculating Absolute Cell Counts- continued
Question
Identifying General Cell Types Associated With Surface Markers
Cytogram for Cellular Scatter: Intrinsic Characteristics
White Blood Cells and Cytogram for Cellular Scatter
Extrinsic Cell Characteristics
Question
Gating: Selecting the Population of Interest
Using Cell Surface Markers as Tools For Diagnosis
Diagnostic Process
Principles of Flow Cytometry
Data Analysis for Flow Cytometry
Case One
Scatter and CD45
Question
CD19 and CD20
Question
CD10, HLA-DR, Kappa, and Lambda
Question
T Cell Markers
Question
Final Interpretation of Case #1
Case Two
Scatter and Gating
T Cell Analysis
B Cell Analysis and Final Interpretation of Case Two
References
Quality Control and a Quality Control Plan
Question
Quality Control Tools
Intralaboratory (Internal) Quality Control
Assayed and Unassayed Controls
Internal Quality Control Program
Determining the Frequency for QC Testing
Additional Variables
Instrument Maintenance
Record Keeping
External Quality Assessment
Question
Question
Delta Checks
Accuracy and Precision
Mean and Standard Deviation
Calculating Acceptable Ranges
Calculating Acceptable Ranges, continued
Coefficient of Variation
Question
Question
Levey-Jennings Quality Control Charts
Random and Systematic Error
Random and Systematic Errors, continued
Westgard Multi-Rule Approach
Westgard Multi-Rule Approach, continued
Responding to Out-of-Control Results
Question
Question
References
Importance of Understanding the ABO System
The History of the ABO System
The History of the ABO System, continued
Table 1: ABO Blood Group System
Table 2: Testing the Patient Red Cells with Known Antisera (Forward Typing)
Table 3: Testing the Serum with Known Red Cells (Reverse Typing)
Question
Question
Question
ABO Antibodies
Anti-A and Anti-B Development
ABO Antibodies and Aging
Immune ABO Antibodies
Immunoglobulin
Question
Question
Strength of the A Antigen
A1 and A2 Subgroups
Rare Subgroups of A
Inherited Antigens
Why Knowledge of A Subgroups Is Important For Laboratorians
Reaction of Red Cell Subgroups With Known Antisera
Question
Question
Question
Agglutination Reactions
Forward Typing
Testing the Red Cells With Known Antisera
Reverse Typing
Testing Patient Serum With Known Reagent Red Cells (Reverse Grouping)
Interpretation of ABO Group
Example of an ABO discrepancy
Automated Systems
Question
Question
Galactose and ABO Antigen Precursor Substance
Fucose
"A" Antigenic Activity
"B" Antigenic Activity
The H gene
The Bombay Blood Group
A, B, and O Genes
A, B, and O Genes - Diagram
Bombay Blood Group Genes
Inherited Genes
Deducing the Gene
Genotyping
Determining Possible Offspring
Punnett Squares
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
References
Ergonomics
Ergonomic Evaluation
Question
Causes of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Repetitive Motion Injuries
Eyestrain
Question
Question
Learn to Use Your "Ergonomic Eye"
Body Position
Ergonomic Guidelines for Computer Users
Question
Guidelines for Lifting, Lowering, and Carrying
Question
Work Station
Lighting
Posture and Exercises
Question
Scenario #1
Scenario #2
Question
Question
Creating an Ergonomically Safe Work Environment
The Four E's
References
Sepsis Definition
Additional Criteria for Diagnosis of Sepsis
Severe Sepsis
Septic Shock
Sepsis and Bacterial Toxins
Question
Biomarkers
Glucose
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Procalcitonin (PCT)
Procalcitonin (PCT) as a Sepsis Biomarker
Lactic Acid (Lactate)
Lactic Acid (Lactate), continued
Question
Question
Question
Question
Mechanism of C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Mechanism of Procalcitonin (PCT)
Mechanism of Lactic Acid (Lactate)
Other Causes of Increased Lactic Acid (Lactate) Concentration
Question
Increase in Sepsis Cases
Novel Biomarkers That Focus on Immunosuppression
References
Laws and Rules of the Florida Board
Your Role
The Board of Clinical Laboratory Personnel
Question
Clinical Laboratory Personnel License
Types of Licenses
Special Licenses
Director Responsibilities
Director Qualifications
Supervisor Responsibilities
Supervisor Qualifications
Technologist Responsibilities
Technologist Qualifications
Technician Responsibilities
Technician Qualifications
Summary of Qualifications
Public Health Laboratory Scientists
Approved National Certifying Agencies
Question
Question
Categories for Specialties
Description of Specialties (1)
Description of Specialties (2)
Description of Specialties (3)
Description of Specialties (4)
Question
Question
Applying for a new license
Renewal of Clinical Laboratory Personnel License
Inactive Status
Current Address
Delinquent License
Question
Question
License Fees
Continuing Education Requirements for Renewal
CEBroker
Question
Rules Violations
Competency and Licensing Violations
Advertisement and Report Violations
Personal Conduct Violations
Capability Violations
Kickback and Inducement Violations
Disciplinary Violations
Failing to Report a Violation
Penalties for Violations
License on Probation
Question
Question
More Information and Web Links
Predicting a Value
A Regression Analysis Example
A Regression Analysis Example, continued
Calculating the Y-Intercept
Prediction Using the Resulting Equation
Question
Question
Question
Question
Introduction to Least Squares Method
The Least Squares Line
Standard Error of Estimate
Question
Question
Determining the Least Squares Line
Formulae for Determining the Slope and Intercept
Calculating the Standard Error of Estimate
Correlation Coefficient
Example Regression Line Calculation
Using the Least Squares Formulae
Determining Se and r2
Data for Questions
Question
Question
Question
Question
Confidence Intervals for Slope and Intercept Parameters
Calculating Confidence Intervals
Formulae for Confidence Intervals
State of Health Care Quality
Six Institute of Medicine Aims
Six Institute of Medicine Aims (continued)
Improving Effectiveness
Focusing upon Patient-Centered Care and Timeliness
Preventing Medical Errors Through Patient Involvement
Focusing upon Efficiency and Equity
Question
Clinical Laboratory Services and Safety
Question
Clinical Laboratory Services and Effectiveness
Clinical Laboratory Services and Patient-Centered Care
Clinical Laboratory Services and Timeliness
Clinical Laboratory Services and Efficiency
Clinical Laboratory Services and Equity
Question
Medical Errors
Question
Total Testing Process
Safe Preanalytic Component of Total Testing Process
Safe Analytic Component of Total Testing Process
Safe Postanalytic Component of Total Testing Process
Patient-Centered Preanalytic Component of Total Testing Process
Patient-Centered Analytic Component of Total Testing Process
Patient-Centered Postanalytic Component of Total Testing Process
Timely: Reduce Wait Times and Harmful Delays
Timely: Reduce Waits and Harmful Delays (continued)
Question
Outcomes of Laboratory Services
Reporting of Errors
Root Cause Analysis
Root Cause Analysis (continued)
Root Cause Analysis Example
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
Question
Monitoring Laboratory Processes to Prevent Medical Errors
Data sources to identify errors
Question
The Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals 2013 for Clinical Laboratories
National Patient Safety Goal: Identify Patients Correctly
Question
National Patient Safety Goal: Improve Staff Communication
National Patient Safety Goal: Prevent Infection Through Hand Hygiene
Measurement and the Improvement of Clinical Laboratory Services
References
What is a voluntary compliance program?
Seven Fundamental Elements of a Voluntary Compliance Program
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Element 5
Element 6
Element 7
Laws and Regulations Applicable to Medicare
Confidentiality
Billing
Marketing and Record Retention
Inducements
Phlebotomists and Equipment in Client Offices
Utilization and Other Regulations
Couriers and Referral Tests
Documentation
Medical Necessity
Advance Beneficiary Notice (ABN)
Changes to ABN, Effective March 1, 2009
ICD-9CM Coding
HCPCS and CPT Coding
Test Requisitions
Issues Related to Test Ordering, Performance, and Resulting
Written and verbal orders
Ambiguous or Unclear Test Orders
Panels and Profiles
Physician Notices and Acknowledgements
Laboratory Administration's Responsibilities
Management Personnel Responsibilities
Management's Responsibilities for Preventing Allegations of Medicare Fraud and Abuse
Employee's Responsibility
Laboratory Billing Department Communication With Physicians and Patients
Advance Beneficiary Notices (ABNs) and the Billing Department
Documentation
Excused Charges and Other Inducements
Client Contracts
Test Pricing and Antitrust
Sales Proposals and Discounts
Whistleblowers
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Metabolic Syndrome
Other Names for Metabolic Syndrome
Medical Complications of Metabolic Syndrome
The Importance of Diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome
Question
Question
Risk Factors
Insulin Resistance
Obesity
Other Contributing Factors
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine System
Role of Adipokines
Adipokines Significant to Metabolic Syndrome
TNF-alpha
IL-6
PAI-1
Adiponectin
Angiotensinogen
Leptin
Resistin
Question
Question
Adipokines and Atherosclerotic Inflammatory Process
Adipokines and Atherosclerotic Inflammatory Process Continued
Endothelial Dysfunction
Question
Dyslipidemia and Metabolic Syndrome
Small Dense LDL Molecules
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
Question
Question
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Prothrombotic State
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
CRP Measurement
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Question
Variation in Diagnostic Criteria
Adult Treatment Panel III
NCEP: ATP III Diagnostic Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome
Question
Treatment
Magnesium, Calcium, and Vitamin D
Question
Clinical Laboratory Testing in Metabolic Syndrome
Analytes and Target Ranges Pertinent to Metabolic Syndrome
Question
Question
References
Prior to 1985
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Mycobacterium
Hepatitis and Viral Load Testing
Question
Question
The Key Benefits: Improved Sensitivity of Detection
The Key Benefits: Improved Sensitivity of Detection, continued
The Key Benefits: Specificity of Identification
The Key Benefits: Reduced Turnaround Time
Question
Question
Challenges for Implementation: Space Requirements
Challenges for Implementation: Separation of Key Activities
Challenges for Implementation: Workflow Requirements
Challenges for Implementation: Required Work Skills
Challenges for Implementation: Cost
Question
Question
Categories of Methods
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Detection and Identification of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Products
Detection and Identification of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Products: Advantages of Real-Time PCR
Question
Question
Identification of Staphylococcus aureus with Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Detection and Identification of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Development of Assays
Molecular Versus Culture - Pros and Cons
Current and Future Prospects
Question
Question
Prior Traditional Methods and the Need for Change
Introduction of Molecular Methods
2009 - Swine Flu
Improvements for Influenza Testing
Question
Question
Clinical Significance
Previous Methodologies: Culture and Cell Cytotoxicity Neutralization Assay (CCNA)
Previous Methodologies: Antigenic Detection of Toxin and Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH)
Molecular Methods
BD GeneOhm™
illumigene®
Question
Question
References
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
Clostridium difficile
Question
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors
Question
Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus
Beta-lactam antibiotics and S. aureus
Question
Question
Beta-lactams and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Healthcare (Hospital)-Associated MRSA versus Community-Associated MRSA
Risk Factors
Question
Question
Laboratory Identification of Staphylococcus aureus
Screening Cultures for MRSA
Question
Susceptibility Testing
Selection of Drugs for Testing
Interpretation of Oxacillin Broth Dilution Tests.
Interpretation of Oxacillin and Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion Tests
Detection of Oxacillin Resistance
Question
Question
MRSA Treatment/Vancomycin Resistance
VISA and VRSA
Testing for Vancomycin Susceptibility
Question
Future perspectives
Future Perspectives, continued
Future Perspectives, continued
Question
Enterococci
Risk Factors and Resistance
Question
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci Phenotypes
Question
Identification of Enterococcus species from clinical cultures
Screening Cultures for Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
Susceptibility testing of Enterococci
Detecting Vancomycin Resistance
HLR screening
Question
Question
Newer antibiotics for Treatment of Resistant Enterococci
Clostridium Species
Clostridium difficile
C. difficile Toxin A and Toxin B
Pathogenisis of C. Difficile-Associated Diarrhea
Risk factors for Clostridium difficile Infection
Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea
Question
Strain BI/NAP1/027
Laboratory Detection of Clostridium difficile
Stool Culture
Cell Cytotoxicity Neutralization Assay (CCNA)
Enzyme Immunoassay Methods
Question
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) Antigen Assays
Molecular Methods
Question
Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) and C. difficile Associated Disease (CDAD)
Disinfection & Control of C. difficile Infection
Future perspectives - CDI/CDAD
References
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Introduction to the Identification of Molds
Terminology Related to Morphologic Features of Molds
Preliminary Identification Methods for Various Yeasts
Morphologic Features of Yeast Colonies
Microscopic Morphologic Features of Yeast
Malassezia
Question
Question
Interpretation of Growth Patterns on Cornmeal Agar
Examples of Cornmeal Agar Morphologies
Question
Question
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Evaluating the Need for Full Identification of Yeast
Recommended Procedure for Identification of Cryptococcus neoformans
Question
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Question
What are Dimorphic Fungi
Microscopic Morphologic Features of the Mold Forms of Various Dimorphic Fungi
Microscopic Morphologic Features of the Yeast Forms of Various Dimorphic Fungi
Culture Confirmation Methods
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Sporothrix schenckii
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
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Differentiating Dimorphic Fungi from Saprophytic Molds
Inhibiting the Growth of Saprophytic Molds
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References
The Cellular Components of Blood
Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBC's)
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells (WBC's)
Thrombocytes or Platelets
Identifying Peripheral Blood Cells
Question
Introduction to Segmented and Band Nuclei
Appearance of a Band Neutrophil
Maturing into Segmented Neutrophil
Segmented Neutrophils
Differentiating Bands from Segs
Question
Question
Eosinophils
Difference Between Eosinophilic Granules and Neutrophilic Granules
The Nucleus of a Eosinophil
Question
Basophils
Basophil Granules and Chromatin Pattern
Question
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Primary Function of Neutrophils
More on Phagocytosis in Neutrophils
Eosinophil Function and Lifespan
Basophil Function and Lifespan
Mast Cells
Question
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Mononuclear Cells: Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
Lymphocytes
Large Lymphocytes and Reactive Lymphocytes
When Lymphocytes Transform
Question
Question
Monocyte Appearance
Differentiating Monocytes from Large Lymphocytes
Differentiating Monocytes from Large Lymphocytes: Table.
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What is the Function of Lymphocytes?
Null Cells
Monocytic Function
Question
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Platelet Appearance
Platelet Clumps
Platelet Kinetics
Platelet Function
Question
Appearance of the Erythrocyte
Erythrocyte Function and Kinetics
Question
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Glossary of Terms A through M.
Glossary of Terms N through Z.
You Are At Risk!
About This Course
What Causes Hepatitis B Infection?
Occupational Exposure to HBV
Spread of HBV In The Community
Blood Needed For Transmission
What Happens After HBV Infection?
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection
Infectious Period
Who is infected?
How Can HBV Be Prevented?
What Causes HIV Infection?
How is HIV Contracted?
What Happens After HIV Infection?
How Easily is HIV Transmitted?
How Can HIV Be Prevented?
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
HCV Infection
Information From The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Regarding Hepatitis C
What Happens After Hepatitis C Infection?
Question
Question
Occupational Exposure Standard
Components of the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
The Exposure Control Plan
Preventive Measures
The Hepatitis B Vaccination
Standard Precautions
Methods of Control
Engineering Controls
Work Practice Controls
Sharps
Needles, safety needles, and needleless systems
Sharps Safety Summary
Handling Specimens
Transporting Specimens
Labeling and Color-Coding Specimen Containers for Storage and Transport
Housekeeping
Small Surface Spills
Broken Glassware
Contaminated Wastes
Contaminated Sharps
Biohazard Labeled Bags
Contaminated Laundry
Labeling
Labeling not Required
PPE and the OSHA Standard
Personal Protective Equipment
Gloves Must be Worn...
Gloves
Face and Eye Protection
Garments worn as Personal Protective Equipment
Question
Question
Importance of Hand Hygiene
Handwashing Procedure
Antiseptic Hand Cleanser
Exposure Incident
If an Exposure Occurs
Evaluation and Treatment
Avoiding Exposure
Question
Question
References
Introduction
The Hazards of Electricity
Basic Elements of Electricity
Static Electricity
Electricity-induced Injury
Factors that Determine the Degree of Electricity-induced Injury
Alternating Current vs. Direct Current
Electrical Resistance and Current Pathway Through the Body
Question
Question
Extension Cords
Adapters
Unplugging an Electrical Cord
Ground
Space Heaters
Space Heater Requirements
Checks and Inspections
Electrical Hazard Awareness
Potential Electrical Hazards
Circuit Breaker Panels
Question
Question
Performing Maintenance or Repair Tasks on Electrical Equipment
Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) Procedures
Question
Class C Fires
Electrical Fires
Electrical Fires, continued
Question
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Electrical Shock
Electrical Burns
Question
References
Introduction
Be Alert and Knowledgeable
Question
Classes of Fire and Proper Types of Extinguishers
Class A Fires
Class B Fires
Class C Fires
Question
Fire Safety Responsibility
Laboratory Situations That May Create or Contribute to a Fire
Question
Fire Safety Policies and Procedures
Know the Work Area
Good Housekeeping
Proper Storage of Flammable or Combustible Liquids and Gases
Fire Plan & Fire Drills
Question
Remain Calm
Decision to Fight or Evacuate
Question
PASS
Question
RACE
References
What is Formaldehyde?
Where is Formaldehyde Used?
What Does Formaldehyde Do?
Symptoms of Overexposure
A Carcinogen
Relevant OSHA Standards
Surveillance Questionnaire
Manufacturer's Label
Safety Data Sheet
Environment Monitoring for Formaldehyde
How is Exposure to Formaldehyde Monitored?
Monitoring Results
Permissible Limits for Formaldehyde Exposure
Acceptable Results
Unacceptable Results
Corrective Action
Warning Signs
Fume Hoods and Other Controls
Transporting Formalin Containers
Personal Protective Equipment
Respirators
Respirators (continued)
In Case of Contamination
In Case of a Spill
References
Introduction
Respect!
In the Past
In the Present
Haz-Com
Regulation of Chemical Hazards in the Laboratory
Question
Employer Responsibility
Your Responsibility
Globally Harmonized System for Labeling of Chemicals
Hazard Labels: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Other Labeling Systems
Labeling Secondary Containers
Question
Right to Know
Be Prepared
Sections
SDS Example
Sections Two and Three
Section Four
Sections Five and Six
Sections Seven and Eight
Sections Nine Through Eleven
Sections Twelve Through Sixteen
Question
General Laboratory Precautions
Ingestion Prevention
Management of Spill & Disposal
Wash Your Hands!
Personal Protective Equipment
Eyewash Stations
Reducing the Risk of Fires Involving Chemicals
Monitoring
Question
Common Sense Rules
Common Sense Rules, continued
Keep It Safe!
References
Organizations Responsible for Regulating Transport of Hazardous Materials
Updates
Information Related to Packaging and Shipping Category A Infectious Substances: IATA Updates
Information Related to Packaging and Shipping Category A infectious Substances: FedEx Updates
Packaging and Shipping Infectious Substances
Who Must Receive Training?
What are the Training Requirements?
What Records Must Be Maintained?
Classifications of Hazardous Materials
Categories of Division 6.2 Infectious Substances
Definitions
Category A Definition and Examples
Category A Identification Numbers
Category B Definition, Shipping Name, and Identification Number
IATA and US Postal Service Exempt Specimens
Exempt Specimen Packaging and Labeling
DOT Classification Decision Tree
IATA Classification Decision Tree
Classification Scenario 1
Classification Scenario 2
Classification Scenario 3
Question
Classification Scenario 4
Transporting Infectious Substances by Motor Vehicle
Exceptions for Category B Substances When Transported by Motor Vehicle
Packaging Considerations
Selecting the Shipping Container
Packaging for Category A Specimens
Requirements for Packages Containing Category A Substances
Packaging for Category B Substances
Additional Packaging Requirements for Category A and Category B Substances
General Labeling Requirements
Labeling a Package Containing a Category A Substance
Labeling a Package Containing a Category B Substance
Dry Ice
Category A Packages - Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods
FedEx Requirements: Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods
Completed Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods Form
Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods- First Section
Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods- Second Section
Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods - Third Section
Shipper's Declaration For Dangerous Goods - Fourth Section
Air Waybill
Question
Question
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Security Awareness
Security Plan for Category A Infectious Substances
Security Training Resource
References
Introduction
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Definition
Pharmacogenomics Definition
Basic Pharmacokinetics
Drug Concentration Over Time
Drug Metabolism
Drug Elimination
Half-life
Bioavailability
Protein Binding
Protein Availability and Drug Dosing
Other Factors Affecting Drug Absorption and Distribution
Question
Steady State
Steady State Example
Sampling
Peak and Trough Sampling Times
Why TDM?
Why TDM?
Why TDM?
Unexpected Concentrations
Question
TDM For All Drugs?
When is TDM Not Useful?
Alternative to TDM
Examples of Drugs That are Monitored by TDM
TDM for Antibiotics
TDM for Anticonvulsants
TDM for Immunosuppressants
TDM for Cardiac Medications
TDM for Theophylline
Question
Laboratory Methods
PETINIA
FPIA
Chemiluminescence
Individualized Medicine
Polymorphism and CYP450
CYP450s
CYP2D6
Metabolizers
Enzyme Abnormalities and Drugs
Clinical Utility
Warfarin Metabolism
Warfarin Metabolism, continued
Question
CYP450 Induction and Inhibition
CYP450 Induction and Inhibition, continued
Question
Genotype versus Phenotype
Genotype versus Phenotype, continued
TDM and PGx
The Bottom Line
The Bottom Line, continued
References
Select Agents of Bioterrorism
Development of the Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Purpose of the Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Question
Definition of a Sentinel Laboratory
Role of a Sentinel Laboratory
Basic Sentinel Laboratory within the Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Advanced Sentinel Laboratory within the Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Question
Role of Reference and National Laboratories Within the Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Question
Protocols
Additional Resources
Question
Why Certain Agents are Used as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Question
Categories of Biological Agents
Category A Agents
Category A Agents: Reasons Why They May be Used to Create Public Health Emergencies
Category B Agents
Category B Agents: Reasons Why They May be Used to Create Public Health Emergencies:
Category C Agents
Question
Sentinel Laboratory Safety Protocols
Agent Biosafety Level (BSL) Requirements and Laboratory Exposure Risk
Question
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis
Brucella species
Burkholderia species
Question
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis
Brucella species
Burkholderia species
Question
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis
Brucella species
Burkholderia species
Question
Considerations When Using Automated Identification Systems
Commonly Misidentified Agents
Question
Bacillus anthrasis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis
Brucella species
Burkholderia species
Question
Location Where Organisms Naturally Occur, Disease Produced, and Mode of Transmission
Location Where Organisms Naturally Occur, Disease Produced, and Mode of Transmission, continued:
Question
Role of a Sentinel Laboratory Regarding Toxins and Viruses
Toxins
Viruses
Question
References
What is Quality Control?
What is a Control?
Safety and Handling of Controls
Appearance of Controls
Why Run Controls?
Assayed and Unassayed Controls
Question
Aiming for the Target
Closer, but not Quite
Bull's-eye!
Question
Calculating Specificity
Specificity Example
Specificity Example: Test Results
Specificity Example: Calculations (1)
Specificity Example: Calculations (2)
Specificity Example: Comparison
Question
Calculating Sensitivity
Sensitivity Example: Calculations (1)
Sensitivity Example: Calculations (2)
Sensitivity Example: Comparison
Specificity versus Sensitivity
Question
Types of Error
Random Error
Systematic Error
Question
Internal Quality Control
External Quality Control
External Quality Control, continued
External Quality Control, continued
Comparing Types of Quality Control
Question
Reference Ranges
Mean
Histograms
Standard Deviation
Acceptable Standard Deviation (SD)
Establishing Quality Control Limits
Question
Levey-Jennings Control Charts
What is a Levey-Jennings Chart?
Question
Using Westgard Rules
Westgard Rule 13S
Westgard Rule 22S
Westgard Rule 41s
Westgard Rule R4s
Question
Question
Trends
Shifts
What is a Cumulative Summation Limit?
CUSUM Example: Plotting Control Data
CUSUM Example: Calculating CUSUM
CUSUM Example: Exceeding the CUSUM Limit
CUSUM and Westgard Rules
What is a Youden Plot?
Using a Youden Plot
Question
Troubleshooting
Possible Corrective Actions
Possible Corrective Actions, continued
Possible Corrective Action, continued
Possible Corrective Action, continued
Possible Corrective Action, continued
Question
Verification of Performance Specifications for Nonwaived Testing
Verification for Nonwaived Testing
References
What is the Value of a Direct Smear?
Determine the Quality of a Sputum Specimen
Determine the Quality of a Urine Specimen Submitted for Culture
Provide the Clinician With Same-Day Information Regarding Possible Pathogens
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Specimens Collected from Other Sterile Sites
Correlate Direct Smear Results With Culture Results
Question
Question
Gram Stain Principle
Quality Control Smears
Macroscopic Evaluation of the Smear
Thick Smears
Thin Smears
Properly Decolorized Smears
Under-decolorized or Over-decolorized Smears
Reporting Microscopic Findings
Contaminated Gram Stain Solution
Summary of Gram Stain Reading and Reporting Procedure
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Gram-positive Cocci
Gram-positive Diplococci
Gram-negative Cocci
Intracellular Bacteria
Gram-negative Diplococci
Special Considerations for Genital Smears
Gram-positive Bacilli
Gram-negative Bacilli
Significance of Specific Findings
Question
Question
Question
Size and Appearance of Nonbacterial Cellular Elements on Gram Stained Smears
Question
Question
Question
Question
References
Culture, Isolation, and Identification of Microorganisms
Question
Question
Gram Stain
Preparation of a Gram Stained Smear From Culture
Quality Control (QC)
Gram Stain Quality Control (QC) Organisms
Examining the Smear
Question
Question
Cocci and Rods
Variations in the Shape of Cocci
Variation in the Shape of Bacilli
Gram-Negative Rods (GNRs)
Question
Question
Cellular Arrangement
Single Cell Arrangement
Pair Cell Arrangement
Chain Cell Arrangement
Tetrad Cell Arrangement
Clusters of Gram-Positive Bacteria
Yeast Cells
Question
Gram-Positive Organisms Recovered From Culture
Images: Gram-Positive Cocci (GPC) Recovered From Culture
Images: Gram-Positive Rods (GPRs) Recovered From Culture
Gram-Negative Organisms Recovered From Culture
Images: Gram-Negative Organisms Recovered From Culture
Question
Organisms Expected From Common Body Sites/Specimens
Organisms Expected From Common Body Sites/Specimens, continued
Organisms Expected From Common Body Sites/Specimens, continued
Gram-Stained Smears From Culture: Importance and Reporting
Question
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References
Historical Landmarks in Molecular Diagnostics
Molecular Composition of DNA
Molecular Composition of RNA
DNA/RNA Structural Diagram
Formation of DNA and RNA Strands
Question
Question
DNA Isolation
Automated Vs. Manual Extraction
Question
PCR Introduction
Reaction Mixture
DNA Primers
DNA Polymerase
Question
Denaturaton
Annealing (Hybridization)
Extension
Repetitive Cycling
Diagram of PCR Process
Question
Analyzing PCR Results
Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
Introduction to Real-Time PCR
Advantages of Real-Time PCR
Stages of Real-Time PCR
Diagram of the Real-Time PCR Stages
Detection Methods
FRET
Question
Question
Real-Time Reverse-Transcriptase- PCR
Quantification
Real-Time PCR Computer Results
Question
Laboratory Applications
Multiplexing
Microbe Detection
SNP Detection
Viral Load
Question
Question
Conclusion
References
Normal Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphology
Evaluating Initial Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphology
Criteria for Peripheral Blood Smear Review
Introduction to Red Blood Cell Morphology Reporting
Guidelines for Reporting Red Blood Cell Morphology
Question
Red Cell Morphology Reference Tables
Anisocytosis Reference Table
Hemoglobin Content Reference Table
Poikilocytosis Review Table
Rouleaux and Agglutination
Dimorphic (Double Cell) Population
Introduction to Red Blood Cell Nonneoplastic Conditions Case Studies
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Hemoglobin E (Hb E) and HbE/Beta Thalassemia
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Ovalocytes/Elliptocytes
Stomatocytes
Question
Question
Question
Case History
Splenectomy Morphologies
Poikylocytosis and Basophilic Stippling
References
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphology
Assessing Red Cell Morphology: Area of Evaluation
Normal Red Cells
Abnormal Red Cells
Artifactual Morphology
Question
Question
Anisocytosis
Normal RBC Size
Microcyte
Microcyte with Normal Hemoglobin Content
Macrocyte
Another Example of Macrocytosis
Question
Question
Hemoglobin Concentration
Color of Erythrocytes
Hypochromia and Hyperchromia
Normochromic Red Cells
Polychromasia
Hypochromia
Question
Question
Question
Poikilocytosis
Red Cell Variations in Shape
Acanthocytes
Acanthocytes, continued
Target Cells (Codocytes)
Target Cells, continued
Teardrop Cells (Dacrocytes)
Teardrop Cells, continued
Sickle Cells (Drepanocytes)
Sickle Cells, continued
Burr Cells (Echinocytes)
Elliptocytes (Ovalocytes)
Elliptocytes, continued
Fragmented Red Blood Cells
Prekeratocytes or Blister Cells
Keratocytes
Keratocytes, continued
Spherocytes
Conditions Associated with Spherocytes
Stomatocytes
Stomatocytes, continued
Summary
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Rouleaux and Autoagglutinaton
True Rouleaux
Artifactual Rouleaux
Autoagglutination
Another Example of Autoagglutination
Question
Question
Question
References
Introduction
Case Presentation
ABO, Rh, and Antibody Screen
Question
Question
Antigram to explain prior question
Question
Perinatal Testing Programs
Immunogenicity
Routine Serologic Tests - Mother
Routine Serologic Tests - Father
Routine Serologic Tests - Newborn Protocols
Routine Serologic Tests - Newborn
Question
Question
Introduction
Antibody Exclusion Protocol (General)
Question
Antibody Exclusion Protocols (RhIg)
Passive or Active Immunization?
Antibody Titration
RhIg-Derived Anti-D Reaction Strength
Factors Affecting RhIg Reaction Strength
How Long Can RhIg Be Detected?
How Much Testing?
Question
Question
Question
Question
Constituents
Suppliers / Trade Names
Mechanism of Action
Question
Question
Question
Use in Pregnancy
Related Uses
RhIg and Rh Complexity
RhIg & Variants of D
RhIg Policies for Weak D
International RhIg Policies
Clinical Relevance of D Phenotypes
RhIg Dosage
RhIg 'Failures'
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Introduction
Mini-Panel Antibody Exclusion
Question
Serologic Tests on Newborn
Question
Question
Question
Newborn's Clinical Status
Question
Screening for Fetomaternal Hemorrhage
Rosette Test
Quantifying FMH
Kleihauer-Betke Test
Flow Cytometry
Calculating RhIg Dosage
Assessing FMH and RhIg Dosage
Crossmatch Issues
Crossmatch Implications of RhIg-associated Passive Anti-D
Crossmatch Practices Related to RhIg - Introduction
LIS Issues Related to RhIg
Crossmatch Practices Related to RhIg - Examples
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Case Summary
Main Learning Goals
Literature and Online Resources
Introduction to Risk Management
Introduction to Risk Management (continued)
Definitions of Risk and Risk Management
Why Manage Risk?
Question
Federal Regulations for Risk Management
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (SMDA)
The Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005
State Regulations for Risk Management
Question
Introduction to Patient Safety and Risk Exposures
Preanalytic Phase
Analytic Phase
Postanalytic Phase
Question
Introduction to the Risk Management Process
Identify and Analyze Loss Exposure
Model of Accident Causation
Root Cause Analysis
The Fishbone Diagram
Examining Alternative Risk Management Treatments
Select the Best Risk Management Treatment(s)
Errors Related to Risk Management
Question
Monitor and Improve Risk Management Treatment(s)
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
Question
Accrediting Organizations
Risk Management Accrediting Organizations: Joint Commission
Risk Management Accrediting Organizations: College of American Pathologists
Risk Management Accrediting Organizations: Commission on Laboratory Accreditation
Introduction to Risk Management and Employment Practices Liability
Pre-Employment Screening
Employee Competence Assessment
Legal Concerns and Risk Management
References and Recommended Reading
What is Venipuncture?
Tools of the Trade
Needles - What's the Point?
Needles and Patient Safety
Blood Collection Systems and Devices
Winged Device
Syringe
Question
Blood Tube Labeling Information
Blood Collection Tubes
Question
Tourniquets, Alcohol, and Gauze
Cleansing the Venipuncture Site
Give Yourself a Chance
Explore the Possibilities!
Question
When to Use Hand Veins to Obtain Blood
Handle With Care
Tips for Successful Venipuncture When Using Hand Veins
Question
Vein Palpation
Assessing the Vein
Unacceptable Sites for Venous Blood Collection
Performing a Venipuncture on an Arm Containing an Intravenous Line
Question
Venipuncture Procedure At a Glance
Specimen Collection Procedure
Specimen Handling Post Venipuncture
What are Pre-analytical Errors?
Pre-analytical Errors
What is a Hidden Error?
Proper Patient Identification
Importance of Using the Correct Blood Collection Tube
Order of Draw
Correct Fill
Labeling Specimens
Do Not Tamper With the Specimens
Avoid Prolonged Tourniquet Time
Question
Question
Protect Yourself
Don't Get Stuck Without It
Do It Right the First Time
Don't Compromise Your Safety
Question
Question
Scenario Conclusion
Question
Question
References
Composition of Semen
Purpose of Semen Analysis
Limits of Semen Analysis
Safety Precautions
Question
Question
Specimen Identification
Collection
Collection (continued)
Documenting Collection Information
Question
Question
Beginning the Analysis
Liquefaction
Appearance of Semen
Volume
Viscosity
pH
Question
Question
Question
Initial Microscopic Examination of Semen
Motility: Standardization of Assessment Method
Assessing Motility
Assessing Motility: Example of Non-progressive Motility
Wet Mount Assessment of Sperm Motility
Automated Procedures
Viability
Sperm Concentration and Total Sperm Number
Sperm Counting Methods
Improved Neubauer Hemocytometer
Diluting a Specimen for Counting on a Hemocytometer
Loading the Hemocytometer and Performing the Count
Criteria for Sperm Counts Using a Hemocytometer
Other Counting Chambers
Assessment of Post-Vasectomy and Azoospermic Specimens
Question
Question
Other Cells in Semen: Epithelial cells
Other Cells in Semen: Round Cells and Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Other Cells in Semen: Round cells and RBCs (continued)
Round Cells in Semen
Question
Question
Morphology of sperm
Preparing Semen Smears for Evaluation of Sperm Morphology
Evaluating Sperm Morphology
Abnormal Forms
Abnormal Heads
Abnormal Tails
Normal Head Shape
Sperm with Enlarged Head and Split Tail
Double-headed Sperm
Pinhead
Two Abnormalities
Tapered head
Constricted head sperm
Question
Question
Question
Summary: Reference Values
References
Introduction
Effective Communication
Sample Integrity
Question
Pediatric Patients
Hints For Successful Pediatric Venipuncture
Reducing Pain for Pediatric Patients
Geriatric Patients
Case Study One
Case Study One: Discussion
Patients with Needle Phobia
Mentally and Physically Disabled Patients
Language Barriers
Cultural Diversity and the Phlebotomist
What To Do if the Patient Feels Faints
Hematoma
Clean Up Your Act
Case Study Two
Case Study Two: Discussion
Screening for Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Diabetes
Standard and Post Prandial Glucose Tolerace Testing
Test for Gestational Diabetes
Case Study Three
Case Study Three: Discussion
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Peaks and Troughs
Collection and Communication
Question
Blood Culture Overview
Blood Culture Collection
Question
Special Tests May Mean Special Collections
Procedure for Using a Winged Blood Collection Device to Collect a Specimen for Coagulation Tests
Collection From a Line
Intravenous Line
Become and Remain a Competent Professional
References
Case Presentation
Transfusion Service Laboratory
ABO, Rh and antibody screen
Question
Question
Crossmatch Results
Pretransfusion Direct Antiglobulin Test Result
Post-transfusion DAT Results
Question
Question
Antibody investigation
Question
Other post-transfusion tests
Consulting the patient's physician
Follow-up with clinical staff
Immediate HTR - Signs and symptoms
Cause of Delayed HTR
Delayed HTR - Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms - Job Aids
Signs and symptoms - Precaution
Question
Investigating weak antibodies
Antibody identification (2 weeks post-transfusion)
Antibody exclusion protocol
Question
Question
Question
Variations in antibody strength
Question
DAT change of status
Antigen phenotyping
Antigen phenotyping issues
Antigen phenotyping results
Question
Evaluating inconsistencies
Unexpected anomaly
Reflecting on probability of the solution
Question
Question
Using probability (p) values
Using p values in medical research
Using p values in antibody identification
Understanding the "rule of three"
The p value in this case
Question
Antibody identification checklist
Question
Summary
Risks of transfusing unmatched RBC
Balancing the risks
Question
Literature and online resources
Influenza A Subtype H1N1: Various Names, Same Virus
Genetic Components of Influenza A Subtype H1N1
About the Virus
About the Virus (continued)
Question
Epidemiology of the Virus
Seasonal Influenza A
How 2009 H1N1 Differs from Seasonal Flu Viruses
Signs and Symptoms of the H1N1 Virus
How Severe is the Illness?
Question
Impact of the 2009 H1N1 Virus
WHO Declaration of Pandemic
Question
Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing and Treatment
Laboratory Tests
Specimen Collection and Storage
Question
Survival of the Influenza A 2009 H1N1 Virus
Contact Precautions for Laboratorians
Question
Treatment Options for H1N1 Infection
H1N1 Vaccine
Prevention of H1N1 Infection
Question
Resources for CDC Surveillance Information
CDC Surveillance of the Influena A 2009 H1N1 Virus
Other CDC Actions for the Influenza A 2009 H1N1 Virus
FDA Surveillance and H1N1 Preparedness
WHO Surveillance
References
Microscopic Examination
The Urine Microscopic Exam
Question
Urine Specimen Collection
Specimen Collection and Storage
Steps in Preparing a Concentrated Urine Sediment
Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Question
Question
Formation and Significance of Casts
Factors Promoting Cast Formation
Hyaline Casts
Hyaline Casts Under High Power
Hyaline Casts
Cellular Casts
White Cell Casts
Red Cell Casts
Red Cell Cast Under High Power
Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Casts
Granular Casts
Waxy Casts
Fatty Cast
Broad Cast
Cylindroids
Squamous Epithelial Cell
Recognition and Identification
Question
Question
Question
Cell Types Observed in Urine Sediment
Squamous Epithelial Cells
Squamous Cells Under Phase Contrast
Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell
Renal Epithelial Cells of Collecting Duct Origin
Cuboidal Cells
Transitional Epithelial Cells
Epithelial Cell Groups
Urine Sediment
White Blood Cells Under Phase Contrast and High Power Magnification
Large Clumps of White Cells
Red Cells Under Brightfield Microscopy and High Power Magnification
Red and White Cells
Crenated Red Cells
Swollen RBCs
Ghost Cells
Ghost Cells under Phase Contrast
Yeast
Bacteria
Bacteria Under Phase Contrast
Characteristics of Cellular Elements
Question
Question
Question
Question
Crystals
Identification of Crystals
Normal Crystals
Crystals in Normal Acid Urine
Uric Acid Crystal Morphology
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
Amorphous Urates
Crystals in Normal Alkaline Urine
Calcium Carbonate Crystals
Ammonium Biurate Crystals
Review of Common Crystals
Question
Question
Question
Abnormal Crystals
Crystals of Clinical Significance
Leucine Crystals
Tyrosine Crystals
Cystine Crystals
Cholesterol Crystals
Bilirubin Crystals
Summary of Abnormal Crystals
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Introduction
Parasites
Trichomonas under Phase-Contrast
Trichomonas versus White Cells
Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) Ova
High Power of Enterobius Vermicularis Ova
Phase-Contrast of Enterobius vermicularis
Schistosoma Haematobium Ova
Sperm
Sperm Under Phase Contrast
Oval Fat Bodies
Oil or Fat Droplets
Mucous Threads
Mucous Threads Under Phase Contrast
Contaminants and Artifacts
Air Bubbles
Coverslip Defects
Coverslip Scratches
Starch Granules
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Introduction
Red Blood Cells Versus Yeast
Lysis of Red Blood Cells with Acetic Acid
White Blood Cells Versus Cuboidal Epithelium
White Blood Cells Versus Cuboidal Epithelium
Bacteria and Amorphous Material
Amorphous Urates
Fat Droplets
Starch Materials
Supravital Stains
Sternheimer-Malbin Stain
Staining Eosinophils
Question
Question
Question
Question
An Introduction to Quantitating the Urine Microscopic
Looking for Casts
Counting Elements
Estimating Elements
Question
Question
Question
Correlation of Results
Urinalysis Reports
Specimen #1 - Adult Female
Specimen #2 - Adult Male
Specimen #3 - Adult Female
Specimen #4 - Adult Male
Specimen #5 - Female Child
Transfusion Reactions: Introduction
Risks of Transfusion
Categories of Transfusion Reactions
Incidence Rates of Transfusion Reactions
In Vivo Red Cell Destruction
Causes
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Clinical Laboratory Tests
Management and Prevention
Question
Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions: Definition/Manifestation/Prevalence
Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
Definition/Manifestations/Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Question
Question
Definition and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Findings
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Evaluation of Donors Associated with Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Prevention of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Question
Definition and Incidence
Diagnosis
Severe Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (DHTR)
Prevention
Question
Definition and Incidence
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Therapy and Prevention
Definition/Manifestation/Prevalence
Pathophysiology, Treatment and Prevention
Question
Question
Presentation and Prevalence
Bacteria Implicated in Contamination
Sources of Contamination
Reducing Transfusion-Associated Septic Reactions
Question
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO)
Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Hemolysis
Iron Overload
Disease Transmission
Procedure for a Suspected Adverse Reaction
Preliminary Laboratory Investigation
Additional Testing
Question
Question
Records and Reporting
References
Introduction
Tuberculosis Infection
Symptoms
How Tuberculosis is Spread
Infection Control
High-Risk Infection Groups
High-Risk Progression Groups
Vaccine for Tuberculosis
Question
Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) Detection Methods
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
TST Interpretation and Classification
TST False Negative Reactions
Two-Step Skin Testing
Screening Newly-Hired Health Care Employees for Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Question
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Risk Categories
Tuberculosis Exposure Control Plan
Health Care Worker (HCW) Tuberculosis Screening
Question
Fundamentals of TB Infection Control
Three Levels of TB Infection Control
TB Infection Control in the Laboratory
Biosafety Levels
Biosafety Level Criteria and Requirements for Handling Specimens Suspected of Containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Question
Respiratory Protective Equipment
Proper Use of an N95 Respirator
Airborne Infection Isolation Room Practices
Transporting TB Patients
Protect Yourself
References
Variations in Morphology
Importance of Recognition
Question
Hypersegmentation
Conditions Associated with Hypersegmented Neutrophils
Hypersegmented Neutrophils
Hypersegmented Neutrophils (cont.)
A Normally Segmented Neutrophil
Question
Hyposegmentation
Conditions Associated with Hyposegmented Neutrophils
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
Normal Band Forms vs. Pelger-Huet Bands
Bilobed Neutrophil
Pelger-Huet Cells
Single-Lobed Pelger-Huet Cells
Question
Barr Body
Question
Döhle Bodies
Döhle Bodies, continued
Unusually Darkly Staining Döhle Bodies
Toxic Granulation
Toxic Granulation and Vacuolation
Cytoplasmic Vacuolation
Neutrophil with Normal Granulation
Question
Auer Rods
Auer Rods, continued
Question
Question
Chediak-Higashi Anomaly
Albinism and Chediak-Higashi Anomaly
Chediak-Higashi Anomaly vs. Toxic Granulation
Chediak-Higashi Anomaly Inclusions
Question
May-Hegglin Anomaly
Alder Anomaly (Alder-Reilly Anomaly )
Alder Anomaly, continued
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
References
Peripheral Blood Smear Preparation
Evaluation Criteria: White Blood Cells and Platelets
Criteria for Performing a Manual Review of the Smear
Question
Smudge Cells
Platelet Estimates
Question
Additional Comments
Leukemoid Reaction
Toxic Changes
Thrombocytosis Associated with Toxic Granulation
Case History
Question
Question
Question
Question
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
Chediak-Higashi Anomaly
Alder Anomaly
May-Hegglin Anomaly
Question
WBC inclusions: Summary
Familial disorders: summary
Question
Case One Follow-up
Question
Eosinophils
Basophils
Question
Question
Disorders and Diseases Associated With Increased Monocytes
Case History One
Case History Two
Case History Three
Multiple Myeloma
References
Giant Platelets
Thrombocytopenia
Pseudo-thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
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