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Tuomanen EI.: Pathogenesis of pneumococcal inflammation: otitis media Vaccine. 19 Suppl 1:S38-40, 2000Pneumococci cause damage to the ear in otitis media with an association with bacterial meningitis. The pathogenesis of injury involves host response to cell wall constituents and the pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin.Release of cell wall constituents, particularly during antibiotic-induced bacterial lysis, leads to an influx of leukocytes and subsequent tissue injury. The signal transduction cascade for this response is becoming defined and includes CD14, Toll-like receptor 2, NFkB, and cytokine production.The second source of injury is the cytotoxicity of the pore forming toxin, pneumolysin.Decreasing the sequelae of otitis can be achieved by an increased understanding of the site-specific mechanisms of pneumococcal-induced inflammation.

Low JC. Donachie W.: A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. Veterinary Journal. 153:9-29, 1997Following the initial isolation and description in 1926, Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be of world-wide prevalence and is associated with serious disease in a wide variety of animals, including man.Our knowledge of this bacterial pathogen and the various forms of listeriosis that it causes has until recently been extremely limited, but recent advances in taxonomy, isolation methods, bacterial typing, molecular biology and cell biology have extended our knowledge. It is an exquisitely adaptable environmental bacterium capable of existing both as an animal pathogen and plant saprophyte with a powerful array of regulated virulence factors.Most cases of listeriosis arise from the ingestion of contaminated food and in the UK the disease is particularly common in ruminants fed on silage.Although a number of forms of listeriosis are easily recognized, such as encephalitis, abortion and septicaemia, the epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of infection in ruminants remain poorly understood. The invasion of peripheral nerve cells and rapid entry into the brain is postulated as a unique characteristic of its virulence, but relevant and practical disease models are still required to investigate this phenomenon.

Rouquette C. Berche P. The pathogenesis of infection by Listeria monocytogenes Microbiologia. 12:245-58, 1996 Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for severe infections in human and a large variety of animal species. It is a facultative intracellular pathogen which invades macrophages and most tissue cells of infected hosts where it can proliferate. The molecular basis of this intracellular parasitism has been to a large extent elucidated. The virulence factors, including internalin, listeriolysin O, phospholipases and a bacterial surface protein, ActA, are encoded by chromosomal genes organized in operons. Following internalisation into host cells, the bacteria escape from the phagosomal compartment and enter the cytoplasm. They then spread from cell to cell by a process involving actin polymerisation. In infected hosts, the bacteria cross the intestinal wall at Peyer's patches to invade the mesenteric lymph nodes and the blood. The main target organ is the liver, where the bacteria multiply inside hepatocytes. Early recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells lead to hepatocyte lysis, and thereby bacterial release This causes prolonged septicaemia, particularly in immunocompromised hosts, thus exposing the placenta and brain to infection. The prognosis of listeriosis depends on the severity of meningoencephalitis, due to the elective location of foci of infection in the brain stem (rhombencephalitis). Despite bactericidal antibiotic therapy, the overall mortality is still high (25 to 30%).