Kell Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
These are the MediaLab courses that cover Kell and links to relevant pages within the course.
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| Immune Antibodies Immune antibodies occur in the serum of individuals who become sensitized to foreign antigens through pregnancy or transfusion. IgM predominates in the primary response, IgG in the secondary response. Most react at 37°C and are considered clinically significant. Examples include antibodies in the Kell, Rh, Duffy, and Kidd systems. Immune antibodies can be classified as alloantibodies or autoantibodies.Alloantibodies Produced by exposure to foreign red cell antigens which are non-self antigens but are of the same species. They react only with allogenic cells. Exposure occurs through pregnancy or transfusion. Examples include anti-K and anti-E. Autoantibodies Produced in an autoimmune process and directed against one's own red cell antigens. React with patient's own cells and all cells tested. Can possibly mask the presence of other significant antibodies. It is very important to make sure that no underlying significant antibodies are present if an autoantibody is suspected. A positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or auto control could indicate the presence of an autoantibody. Examples include cold auto (P or I) or warm auto (Rh specificity). | View Page |
| DR antigens are found in which of the following systems: | View Page |
| Which of the following antigen groups is closely related to the ABO system: | View Page |
| Proteolytic enzyme techniques may be useful in identifying which of the following antigen groups: | View Page |
| Antibody investigation Immediate post-transfusion antibody identification results Cell Rh Rhesus Kell Duffy Kidd MNSs P Lewis Lu Results1 Results2 C D E c e Cw K k Kpa Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s P1 Lea Leb Lua Gel IAT Gel IAT 1 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + + +S + 0 0 0 w+ 2 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 0 + + + 0 + + + +S + 0 0 0 0 3 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 4 r"r 0 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + + + 0 0 0 0 5 R2R2 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 + + + 0 + 0 + 0 | View Page |
| Antibody identification (2 weeks post-transfusion) Fortunately, the patient's condition stabilized and additional transfusions were not required. Two weeks later, new patient specimens were drawn for antibody studies. Antibody identification results Cell Rh Rhesus Kell Duffy Kidd MNSs P Lewis Lu Results Cell C D E c e Cw K k Kpa Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s P1 Lea Leb Lua Gel IAT* 1 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + + +S + 0 0 1+ 1 2 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + + + +S + 0 0 w+ 2 3 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 3 4 r"r 0 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + + + 0 0 0 4 5 R2R2 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 | | View Page |
| DAT change of status Notice that the patient's DAT is now negative (IAT autocontrol in the panel done 2-weeks post-transfusion is negative). Cell Rh Rhesus Kell Duffy Kidd MNSs P Lewis Lu Results Cell C D E c e Cw K k Kpa Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s P1 Lea Leb Lua Gel IAT* 1 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + + +S + 0 0 1+ 1 2 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + + + +S + 0 0 w+ 2 3 rr 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 3 4 r"r 0 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + + + 0 0 0 4 5 R2R2 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 w+ 5 6 | View Page |