Hyperplasia Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
These are the MediaLab courses that cover Hyperplasia and links to relevant pages within the course.
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| Alpha Thalassemia Major Anemia is fatal.Red blood cell (RBC) count is increased.Hemoglobin (Hb) is severely decreased.Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is decreased. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is decreased.Red cell distribution width (RDW) is increased.RBC morphology shows slight hypochromic microcytosis with codocytes, schizocytes, nucleated RBCs.Reticulocytes are increased.Hb electrophoresis demonstrates abnormal pattern on cord blood: Hb A - absentHb Bart's - 80-90%Hb Portland - 0-20%Bone marrow demonstrates marked erythroid hyperplasia. | View Page |
| Alpha Thalassemia Intermedia Anemia is moderate.RBC count is increased.Hb is moderately decreased.MCV is decreased. MCHC is decreased.RDW is increased.RBC morphology shows slight hypochromic microcytosis with codocytes, schizocytes, and basophilic stippling.Reticulocytes are moderately increased.Hb electrophoresis demonstrates abnormal patterns in both adults and neonates.Adults:HbA decreasedHbA2 decreasedHbF normal to decreasedHb H -2-40% (beta chain tetramers)Neonates: 10-40% Bart's (gamma chain tetramers)Hb H inclusions are frequently seen.Bone marrow demonstrates erythroid hyperplasia. | View Page |
| Alpha Thalassemia Minor Anemia is mild to absent.RBC count is increased.Hb is slightly decreased.MCV is decreased. MCHC is slightly decreased.RDW is normal to slightly increased.Red Blood Cell morphology shows slight hypochromic microcytosis.Reticulocytes are normal to slightly increased.Hb electrophoresis demonstrates a normal pattern in adults:Hb A - 97-98% Hb A2 - 1-2.5% Hb F - <1%. Neonates have 5-15% Bart's Hemoglobin (gamma chain tetramers).Hb H inclusions are rarely seen.Bone marrow demonstrates erythroid hyperplasia. | View Page |
| Anemia in Beta Thalassemia In thalassemia, there is often an excess production or accumulation of globin chains whose genes are not affected by the deletion.In beta thalassemia, this may be seen as an increase in gamma chain and delta chain production, leading to increased levels of hemoglobin F and A2 respectively.Excess alpha chains may also form tetramers which often lead to red cell membrane damage and decreased red cell deformability. This leads to a hemolytic anemia. Adding to the anemia is a decrease in the total amount of hemoglobin produced in spite of the erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow. | View Page |
| Low Power Magnification This smear is shown under low power (10x objective) magnification. The reddish cells in the background are mature red blood cells. The dark dots are nucleated erythroid and myeloid precursors. The large dark dot in the middle is a megakaryocyte. Normally, about 5 to 10 megakaryocytes are seen per microscopic field at low power magnification. Clusters of megakaryocytes usually indicate megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Less than 2 megakaryocytes per low power field may mean megakaryocytic hypoplasia. | View Page |
| High Power Magnification This field under high magnification shows an increased number of megakaryocytes (megakaryocytic hyperplasia). This patient had thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. He was therefore consuming increased numbers of platelets, and his bone marrow was responding by increasing the number of megakaryocytes, which of course break up into platelets. | View Page |
| Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia The terms hypoplasia and hyperplasia are synonyms for hypocellular and hypercellular. | View Page |
| Select the correct answer from the choices provided. | View Page |
| Select the correct answer from the choices provided. | View Page |
| Normal Bone Marrow Illustrated in the photograph is a normal bone marrow smear stained with Wright/Giemsa stain. Note the evenly distributed cells with normal maturation in both the myeloid and erythroid maturation sequences.An estimation of the percentage composition of cells can be made by experienced observers from scanning of multiple fields. In some instances a detailed differential count of 300 or more cells must be made.In normal bone marrows, the myeloid to erythroid ratio (M:E ratio)ranges from 1.2:1 to 5:1.A ratio of less than 1.2:1 indicates depressed leukopoiesis or erythroid hyperplasia. Ratios of 6:1 or greater usually indicates infection, erythroid hypoplasia, or chronic myelogenous leukemia.An assessment of the overall cellularity is also useful. In general, cellularity of less than 25% indicates hypoplasia; greater than 75% indicates hyperplasia. | View Page |
| The upper photograph of a bone marrow section reveals distinct hyperplasia with total replacement of marrow fat. A bone marrow smear stained with Wright/Giemsa is displayed in the lower photograph. Calculate the M:E ratio between myeloid and erythroid cells found in the lower photograph. The total peripheral blood white blood cell count was 5,400/cumm. This bone marrow architecture may be found in each of the following conditions except: | View Page |
| The upper photograph of this bone marrow section also reveals distinct hyperplasia with total replacement of the fat. The lower photograph is a Wright/Giemsa stain. Calculate the M:E ratio of the distribution of myeloid and erythroid cells in the lower photograph. The peripheral white blood count was 18,500/cumm. The most likely associated condition is: | View Page |