Hydrolysis Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
These are the MediaLab courses that cover Hydrolysis and links to relevant pages within the course.
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| Which of the following is a presumptive test for the identification of Lancefield group A Streptococcus: | View Page |
| Enterococcus ID Illustrated in this composite photograph is the gram stain of Enterococcus species (upper), illustrating gram positive cocci arranged in pairs and short chains.The viridans streptococci generally form gram positive cocci in long chains; the gram-positive cells of S. pneumoniae, on the other hand, may appear similar in gram stain.In the lower right is shown a 6.5% NaCl tube. The turbidity indicates growth, a unique characteristic for Enterococcus species.In the lower left frame is a picture of a bile esculin hydrolysis slant, showing a positive reaction (black pigment) characteristic of Enterococcus species. The streptococci are uniformly negative.Some strains of Leuconostoc species and Pediococcus species can grow in 6.5% NaCl and are bile-esculin positive; however, they should be ruled out because of the negative PYR reaction. | View Page |
| Clostridium Quad Plate Key reactions for the identification of Clostridium septicum are shown in the two quadrant plates shown in the photograph.Included in the upper photograph are reactions for milk (casein) proteolysis (12 o'clock quadrant), glucose fermentation, DNAse hydrolysis, and starch hydrolysis respectively reading clockwise.The media in the quadrant plate shown in the lower photograph include gelatin hydrolysis (2 o'clock quadrant) and fermentation of each of mannitol, lactose, and rhamnose respectively, reading clockwise.Milk (casein) hydrolysis
Glucose fermentation
Key reactions for the identification in the upper plate include no proteolysis of milk, fermentation of glucose (yellow red color along the inoculation streak), positive DNAse (reddish clearing around the streak) and negative reaction for starch.
Key reactions in the lower plate include hydrolysis of gelatin, fermentation of lactose (yellow pigment), and negative reactions for mannitol and rhamnose (no pigment).Most strains of C. perfringens hydrolyze starch and produce proteolysins of milk, the key reactions that distinguish C. septicum (negative). Reactions to the other tests do not distinguish between the two. | View Page |
| Most strains of S. milleri (anginosus) carry the F antigen (see photograph). Rare strains that carry the group A antigen can be differentiated from S. pyogenes by which of the following laboratory tests: | View Page |
| S. milleri Biochemicals The combination of decarboxylation of arginine (red color in the 2nd tube from left compared to the yellow color of the control to its left), the hydrolysis of esculin (black pigment in the esculin agar tube) and the reduction of nitrates to nitrites (red color in last tube on the right) are biochemical characteristics confirmatory for S. milleri (anginosus). | View Page |
| Shown in the photograph are three tubes-(1) motility agar (note subsurface flare--see arrows); (2) esculin hydrolysis (+), and (3) VP (+). The reactions illustrated here are sufficient to rule out Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. | View Page |
| Drug Metabolism The liver plays a major role in converting lipophilic nonpolar molecules (drug molecules) to more polar, water-soluble forms through a series of enzymatic reactions. Drug molecules can be modified by either phase I or phase ll reactions. Phase I reactions alter chemical structure by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. Phase ll reactions conjugate drugs to create products that are water-soluble. | View Page |