Hemorrhagic Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
These are the MediaLab courses that cover Hemorrhagic and links to relevant pages within the course.
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| Which one of the following statements about E.coli O157:H7 is false: | View Page |
| Coagulation Disorders - Inherited Inherited disorders are those which are considered to be inborn, and have some familial linkage. Hemophilia A is a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII. It is the most commonly encountered hereditary based coagulation disorder. Found almost exclusively in males, its pattern of inheritance is sex-linked recessive. This disorder presents clinically with hemorrhagic events ranging in severity from mild to severe. Patients often present with spontaneous bleeding into their joints, a classic symptom of this affliction. The treatment of Hemophilia A often involves the administration of commercial factor VIII products. | View Page |
| Coagulation Disorders - Acquired Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is best described as a disorder of consumption, because clotting factors are depleted from the blood. Basically, clotting occurs randomly throughout the body, as opposed to just in the localized areas where vascular damage has occurred, consuming clotting factors and other components such as platelets in the process. Symptoms may range from a mild bleed, to severe, profuse bleeding, primarily dependant upon the availability of clotting factors. As more and more coagulation factors and components are consumed, the disorder progresses and symptoms worsen. Most heavily impacted are the levels of factors I, V, and VIII as well as the number of available platelets. Clinically, DIC is detected via an elevated (positive) FDP, positive D-dimer test, a prolonged PT and APTT, plus the manifestation of hemorrhagic episodes. DIC is diagnosed as two primary types, acute and chronic. Acute DIC manifests in a few hours or a few days, has a high mortality rate, and is seen in infections, obstetric complications, liver disease, and tissue injury. Chronic DIC is a secondary condition to some other disease state. Once you treat the primary disease, this type of DIC will go away. Treatment is often factor replacement therapy through the use of fresh frozen plasma and/or cryoprecipitate. | View Page |
| Category A Agents Category A agents include: Smallpox (variola major) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Plague (Yersinia pestis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin) Tularaemia (Francisella tularensis) Ebola hemorrhagic fever Marburghemorrhagic fever Lassa fever Argentine hemorrhagic fever | View Page |
| Category C Agents Category C agents include: Nipah virus Hantaviruses Tick borne hemorrhagic fever viruses Tick borne encephalitis viruses Yellow fever Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis | View Page |
| Agent: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa and Argentine) Most likely means of dissemination: Solid, liquid or aerosolPrimary route of entry: Absorption, inhalation, ingestionGeneral signs and symptoms: Vary by type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), but initial signs and symptoms often include marked fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength, and exhaustion. Severe cases of VHF often show signs of bleeding under the skin, in internal organs, or from body orifices like the mouth, eyes, or ears. Photo courtesy of the CDC archives. | View Page |
| Category A Definition and Examples A category A infectious substance is in a form that is capable of causing permanent disability or life-threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals when exposure to it occurs. Exposure would occur if the substance were released from its protective packaging and a human or animal came into contact with it. Some examples of category A infectious substances include: Bacillus anthracis (cultures only) Brucella abortus (cultures only) Brucella melitensis (cultures only) Burkholderia mallei (cultures only) Clostridium botulinum (cultures only) Dengue virus (cultures only) Escherichia coli, verotoxigenic (cultures only) Ebola virus Francisella tularensis (cultures only) Hantaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Herpes B virus (cultures only) Human immunodeficiency virus (cultures only) Lassa virus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (cultures only) Poliovirus (cultures only) Rabies and other lyssaviruses (culture only) Shigella dysenteriae type I (cultures only) West Nile virus (cultures only) Yersinia pestis (cultures only)This is not an exhaustive list. Sometimes, deciding on the classification of an infectious substance requires professional judgement and involves knowing the medical history or symptoms of the source patient or animal and/or knowing the local epidemiological conditions at the time the patient specimen or culture was obtained. If there is doubt as to whether or not a substance meets the criteria of category A, it must be treated as a category A substance for shipping. | View Page |
| Literature and online resources Literature Dutton RP, Shih D, Edelman BB, Hess J, Scalea TM. Safety of uncrossmatched type-O red cells for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma. 2005 Dec;59(6):1445-9. Johnson ST, Rudmann SV,Wilson, SM. Serologic problem solving strategies:a systematic approach. Bethesda, MD: AABB, 1996.Online resourcesThe following are online examples of good practice. The information should not be used as a substitute for technical and clinical judgment. Medical and technical information becomes obsolete quickly and current sources relevant to the user's location should always be consulted. Urgent requirements for blood (Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary,Alberta, Canada) Online resource for laboratory's clients Why is there never enough O Rh negative blood? (American Red Cross) Advice for physicians on how to help prevent shortages of O Rh negative blood Transfusion reactions: Transfusion complications (Canadian Blood Services) Education website for CBS's hospital customers REACT (Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, ON, Canada) Pocket reference card for nurses on signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions Quick cals (online calculator of p values for Fisher's exact test) Use a one-tailed test (since we would expect an antibody to react with red cells that are positive for the corresponding antigen) | View Page |