Granular Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
These are the MediaLab courses that cover Granular and links to relevant pages within the course.
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| Which of the following characteristics describe the appearance of red cells in CSF? | View Page |
| Examining CSF with the Hemacytometer (continued) White cells are less refractile and appear somewhat granular in appearance. In general, white cells will be larger than red cells. The segmented nucleus in neutrophils can be seen on high power. Lymphocytes and monocytes may be more difficult to differentiate in an undiluted, unstained specimen.Cells are counted in the four corner squares and the center square on both sides of the hemacytometer. The number of cells counted equals the number of cells/microliter.The ruled area of one side of a hemacytometer is shown on the right, with routine counting squares for red and white cell counts. Each large square is 1 mm wide by 0.1 mm in depth. The area for counting an undiluted specimen is 10 square millimeters, or 5 large squares on each side.
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| The cells present in this illustration are: | View Page |
| Identify the urine sediment elements present in this acid urine: | View Page |
| Identify the urine sediment elements present in this illustration: | View Page |
| A few dark blue staining granular inclusions located near the periphery of an erythrocyte are most likely: | View Page |
| What are Pappenheimer bodies? Pappenheimer bodies are seen in the cytoplasm of mature and immature erythrocytes on a Wright's stained smear. They are composed of degenerating cellular remnants, which contain iron. Pappenheimer bodies are most likely caused by accelerated red cell division, or impaired hemoglobin synthesis. Pappenheimer bodies appear as small dark purple granular bodies of varying size frequently clustered in groups of two, three or more near the edge of the cell. | View Page |
| Polychromatophilic Cell In contrast to the granular appearance of the basophilic stippling seen in the previous two slides, the polychromatophilic cell in the center of this slide is smooth in appearance and bluish-gray in color. | View Page |
| Please pick the marrow cell from the list below which has highly granular basophilic cytoplasm but does not show nuclear lobation. | View Page |
| Megakaryocyte The next stage is the fully developed megakaryocyte. It typically shows nuclear divisions and abundant very granular cytoplasm. Megakaryocytes are the largest cell found in normal bone marrow and can range in size from 30-100 microns. The nuclear chromatin pattern is coarse. Nucleoli are absent. | View Page |
| Match each hyaline mold from the drop-down list to its corresponding colony and microscopic description. The mold colonies are illustrated in the image on the right. | View Page |
| Match each hyaline mold from the drop-down list to its corresponding microscopic and colony description. The microscopic appearance of the molds are illustrated in the image on the right. | View Page |
| The chromomere is: | View Page |
| Platelet Color Platelets stain light blue to purple in color, and are very granular. | View Page |
| Platelet Cytoplasm This diagram of platelets illustrate the central granular chromomere, and the peripheral clear hyalomere. | View Page |
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) The third group of formed elements in normal peripheral blood is made up of thrombocytes (platelets). Although platelets don't look very impressive, their role in the process of hemostasis is critical. Platelets are the small granular bodies shown with the arrows in this Wright stained smear. | View Page |
| Glossary of Terms A through M. Antibody - A modified type of serum globulin synthesized by lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic stimulus. By virtue of specific combining sites each antibody reacts with only one antigen. Anucleate - Having no nucleus. Azurophilic granules - The well-defined large reddish granules (lysosomes) which may be present in large lymphocytes. They are called "azurophilic granules" because they stain blue with the azure stains which were originally used. Basophilic granules - Specific granules present in the cytoplasm of basophils. These granules are large and stain purple-black due to their strong affinity for basic stain. B-cell - Bone marrow derived lymphocytes which produce humoral antibodies. Biconcave - Having two concave surfaces. Cellular Immunity - The capacity of a small proportion of lymphoid population to exhibit response to a specific antigen. Chromomere - The centrally located granular portion of the platelet. Clone - A population of cells descended from a single cell. Delayed Hypersensitivity - (part of cellular immunity) that develops slowly over a period of 24-72 hours after an antigenic stimulus. It consists of an accumulation of cells around small vessels and/or nerves. Example: Tuberculin skin test reaction. Digestive Enzyme - A substance that catalyzes or accelerates the process of digestion. Eosinophilic Granules - Specific granules present in the cytoplasm of eosinophils. These granules are large, refractile spheres which stain reddish-orange due to their strong affinity for acid stain. Erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC) - One of the elements found in peripheral blood. Normally the mature form is a non-nucleated, circular, biconcave disk adapted to transport respiratory gases. Fixed Macrophage - A phagocyte that is non-motile. Free Macrophage - An ameboid phagocyte present at the site of inflammation. Graft Rejection - A transplanted tissue that is rejected by the body's antibodies. Graft vs. Host Reaction - A complication that occurs when an implanted piece of tissue, which contains antibodies, rejects the host's tissue. Granulocyte - A leukocyte which contains granules in its cytoplasm, i.e., neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic granules. Half-life - is the length of time it takes for half of the cells circulating at a given time to leave the blood for the tissues. Hemocyte - Any blood cell or formed element of the blood. Hemostasis - A mechanism of the vascular system to arrest an escape of blood. It involves an interaction between blood vessels, platelets, and coagulation. Heparin - A mucopolysaccharide acid which, when present in sufficient amounts, functions as an anticoagulant by inhibiting thrombin. Histamine - A powerful dilator of capillaries and a stimulator of gastric secretions. Humoral Immunity - Acquired immunity produced after response to an antigenic stimulus in which B cells produce circulating antibodies. Hyalomere - the clear, blue non-granular zone surrounding the chromomere of a platelet. Immune Response - The interaction of a cell and an antigen that results in a proliferation of the cell and a capacity to produce antibodies. Isotonic Fluid - A fluid whose elements have an equal osmotic pressure. Leukocyte (white blood cell, WBC) - One of the formed elements of the blood; involved primarily with the body's defense. Lysosome - A microscopic body within cell cytoplasm; contains various enzymes, mainly hydrolytic, which are released upon injury to the cell. Megakaryocyte - A giant cell of the bone marrow from which platelets are derived. Mononuclear - A cell having a single nucleus. | View Page |
| Match the form of red cell inclusions in each of the frames of photographs with a corresponding clinical condition. | View Page |
| Formation and Significance of Casts Casts are cylindrical bodies formed either in the distal convoluted tubules or the collecting ducts of the kidney. Since the walls of the tubule act as a mold for cast formation, the width of the tubule determines the width of the cast. Thus, narrow casts are formed in the distal tubules while broad casts are formed in the collecting ducts.
The matrix of all casts is thought to be Tamm-Horsfall protein, a glycoprotein secreted by the distal loop of Henle and the distal tubule. This protein entraps cells and granular material of tubular origin.
Very few casts are seen in the urine of a person without renal disease, except for hyaline casts, which may be transiently present after strenuous exercise, and during fever, diuretic therapy, and congestive heart failure.
A significant number of urinary casts usually indicates the presence of renal disease.
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| Squamous Cells Under High Power Under high power magnification the cytoplasm appears granular and a small round nucleus may be apparent. | View Page |
| All of the following are characteristic of WBCs under high power (40x) brightfield microscopy except that they: | View Page |