Allele Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
These are the MediaLab courses that cover Allele and links to relevant pages within the course.
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| Polymorphism and CYP450 To discuss PGx, we must first define two terms - polymorphism and cytochrome P450 (CYP450).A polymorphism is a variation in a gene (allele) that affects at least 1% of the population. CYP450 refers to a family of enzymes found predominantly in the liver. CYP450 enzymes work on a variety of substrates (drugs), altering their chemical structures to facilitate excretion in the urine and feces. There are many known polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes. | View Page |
| Genotype versus Phenotype Genotyping can give us a definitive profile of a given CYP450 enzyme's mutations. But since there are dozens of mutations usually associated with each enzyme, a complete characterization of a CYP450 is not always realistic. Without complete sequencing of the entire allele, it may not be possible to entirely rule out a mutation in a patient who shows none of the more common polymorphisms. If we consider the number of possible mutations and the possible presence of inducing/inhibiting substances, phenotyping for drug metabolism may sound more reasonable than genotyping. | View Page |
| Warfarin cont. The genes involved in warfarin metabolism are CYP2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKOR). Warfarin owes its anticoagulant action to its inhibition of VKOR. This enzyme recycles vitamin K, a critical element for the clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as for proteins C, S, and Z. There are six CYP2C9 alleles that are known to cause prolonged metabolism of warfarin: CYP2C9 *2, *3, *4, *5, *6, and *11. (Polymorphisms in CYP450 genes are denoted with asterisks.)One-third of the patients that receive warfarin metabolize it differently than expected and experience a higher risk of bleeding.Genetic testing for the two most common polymorphisms (CYP2C9*2 and *3) as well as for VKOR may be able to reduce the variability associated with warfarin dosing response. Labs performing PGx testing can provide general warfarin dosing recommendations based on the patient's genotype analysis. The lab report will indicate whether a patient has a normal, mild, moderate, high, or very high sensitivity to warfarin. For example, a patient who has one CYP2C9 normal wild-type allele (CYP2C9 *1), one polymorphism (CYP2C9*3), and also a VKOR polymorphism is predicted to have a moderate sensitivity to warfarin. This patient should have frequent INR monitoring and possible warfarin dose reduction. It is important to recognize that knowing a genotype does not necessarily guarantee accurate dose prediction; other drugs and/or environmental or disease factors can also alter CYP2C9 activity. Therefore, monitoring the INR is still very important. | View Page |
| CYP2D6 CYP2D6 has received the most attention: It is estimated that about 25% of common drugs are metabolized by CYP2D6. CYP2D6 accounts for only about 1% of all CYP450 enzymes, but it is important in the metabolism of about 100 drugs. There are more than 80 genetic variants that have been described in the CYP2D6 gene. The normal, wild-type allele displays normal metabolic activity whereas some of the variant forms have enhanced or diminished activity. The variants can be grouped generally according to the resulting alterations in protein function. The groupings correlate with four major enzyme metabolic capacities (phenotypes): poor, intermediate, extensive (normal), or ultra-rapid metabolizers. | View Page |